Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series ((HCIS))

  • 1762 Accesses

Abstract

We address the issue of how to conclude a CRM session in a comprehensive manner, to satisfy a user with the detailed extended answer with exhaustive information. For a question-answering session, the goal is to enable a user with thorough knowledge related to her initial question, from a simple fact to a comprehensive explanation. In many cases, a lengthy answer text, including multimedia content compiled from multiple sources, is the best. Whereas comprehensive, detailed answer is useful most of the times, in some cases, such an answer needs to defeat a customer claim or demand when it is unreasonable, unfair or is originated from a bad mood. We formulate a problem of finding a defeating reply for a chatbot to force completion of a chatbot session. Defeating a reply is expected to attack the user claims concerning product usability and interaction with customer support and provide an authoritative conclusive answer in an attempt to satisfy this user. We develop a technique to build a representation of a logical argument from discourse structure and to reason about it to confirm or reject this argument. Our evaluation also involves a machine learning approach and confirms that a hybrid system assures the best performance finding a defeating answer from a set of search result candidates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamic L, Zhang J, Bakshy E, Ackerman MS (2008) Knowledge sharing and Yahoo answers: everyone knows something. In: WWW 2008/refereed track: social networks & Web 2.0—analysis of social networks & online interaction. Accessed 5 Dec 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Amgoud L, Besnard P, Hunter A (2015) Representing and reasoning about arguments mined from texts and dialogues. In: 13th European conference, ECSQARU 2015, July 2015, Compiègne, France, pp 60–71

    Google Scholar 

  • ApothĂ©loz D, Brandt P-Y, Quiroz G (1993) The function of negation in argumentation. J Pragmat 19:23–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S, Mitra P (2016) WikiWrite: generating Wikipedia articles automatically. In: IJCAI

    Google Scholar 

  • Baroni M, Chantree F, Kilgarriff A, Sharoff S (2008) Cleaneval: a competition for cleaning web pages. In: Calzolari N, Choukri K, Maegaard B, Mariani J, Odjik J, Piperidis S, Tapias D (eds) Proceedings of the sixth international language resources and evaluation (LREC’08)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett FC (1932) Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzilay R, Lee L (2004) Catching the drift: probabilistic content models, with applications to generation and summarization. HLT-NAACL

    Google Scholar 

  • Blei DM, Ng AY, Jordan MI (2003) Latent Dirichlet allocation. J Mach Learn Res 3:993–1022

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridle JS (1990). Training stochastic model recognition algorithms as networks can lead to maximum mutual information estimation of parameters. In: Advances in neural information processing systems 2 (1989). Morgan-Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai D, Yu S, Wen J-R, Ma W-Y (2003) Extracting content structure for web pages based on visual representation. In: Zhou X, Zhang Y, Orlowska ME (eds) APWeb. LNCS, vol 2642. Springer, pp 406–417

    Google Scholar 

  • CarPros Car Repair Dataset (2020) https://github.com/bgalitsky/relevance-based-on-parse-trees/blob/master/examples/CarRepairData_AnswerAnatomyDataset2.csv.zip

  • Cartoonbank.ru (2020) https://cartoonbank.ru/?page_id=29&offset=29280

  • Chesñevar CI, Maguitman M, González P (2009) Empowering recommendation technologies through argumentation. In: Rahwan I, Simari G (eds) Argumentation in artificial intelligence. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan A, Lewis M, Dauphin Y (2018) Hierarchical Neural Story Generation. ACL pp 889-898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2013) Transfer learning of syntactic structures for building taxonomies for search engines. Eng Appl Artif Intell 26(10):2504–2515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2014) Learning parse structure of paragraphs and its applications in search. Eng. Appl. AI 32:160–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2015) Finding a lattice of needles in a haystack: forming a query from a set of items of interest. In: FCA4AI@IJCAI

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2016) A tool for efficient content compilation. In: COLING Demo C16-2042, Osaka, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2012) Machine learning of syntactic parse trees for search and classification of text. Eng Appl AI 26(3):1072–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B (2017) Matching parse thickets for open domain question answering. Data Knowl Eng 107:24–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Chen H, Du S (2009) Inverting semantic structure of customer opinions expressed in forums and blogs. In: 17th international conference on conceptual structures, Suppl. Proc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, de la Rosa JL (2011) Concept-based learning of human behavior for customer relationship management. Inf Sci 181(10):2016–2035 (Special Issue on Information Engineering Applications Based on Lattices)

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Kuznetsov SO, Samokhin MV (2005) Analyzing conflicts with concept-based learning. In: International conference on conceptual structures, pp 307–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Kuznetsov SO, Kovalerchuk B (2008) Argumentation vs meta-argumentation for the assessment of multi-agent conflict. In: Proc. of the AAAI Workshop on Metareasoning

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Kuznetsov SO (2013) A web mining tool for assistance with creative writing. In: ECIR 2013: advances in information retrieval, pp 828–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Usikov D, Kuznetsov SO (2013) Parse thicket representations for answering multi-sentence questions. In: 20th international conference on conceptual structures, ICCS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Ilvovsky D (2017) Chatbot with a discourse structure-driven dialogue management. In: EACL Demo E17-3022, Valencia, Spain

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Ilvovsky D, Kuznetsov SO (2018) Detecting logical argumentation in text via communicative discourse tree. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 30(5):1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Usikov D (2008) Programming spatial algorithms in natural language. In: AAAI workshop technical report WS-08-11, Palo Alto, pp 16–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganter B, Wille R (1999) Formal concept analysis: mathematical foundations. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Dobrocsi G, de la Rosa JL, Kuznetsov SO (2010) From generalization of syntactic parse trees to conceptual graphs. In: Croitoru M, FerrĂ© S, Lukose D (eds) Conceptual structures: from information to intelligence, 18th international conference on conceptual structures, ICCS 2010, Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 6208, pp 185–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Dobrocsi G, de la Rosa JL, Kuznetsov SO (2011a) Using generalization of syntactic parse trees for taxonomy capture on the web. In: ICCS, pp 104–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Galitsky B, Dobrocsi G, de la Rosa JL (2012) Inferring the semantic properties of sentences by mining syntactic parse trees. Data Knowl Eng 81:21–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia A, Simari G (2004) Defeasible logic programming: an argumentative approach. Theory Pract Log Program 4:95–138

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • GitHub (2020) Customer complaint. https://github.com/bgalitsky/relevance-based-on-parse-trees/blob/master/examples/opinionsFinanceTags.xls

  • Gomez H, Vilariño D, Pinto D, Sidorov G (2015) CICBUAPnlp: graph-based approach for answer selection in community question answering task. In: SemEval-2015, pp 18–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez SA, Chesñevar CI, Simari GR (2010) Reasoning with inconsistent ontologies through argumentation. Appl Artif Intell 24(1 & 2):102–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Google (2018) Search using autocomplete. https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/106230

  • Harris Z (1982) Discourse and sublanguage. In: Kittredge R, Lehrberger J (eds) Sublanguage: studies of language in restricted semantic domains. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin; New York, pp 231–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrikx M, Meijer S, Van Der Velden J, Iosup A (2013) Procedural content generation for games: a survey. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl 9(1):22 (Article 1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MR (2016) Procedural generation of linguistics, dialects, naming conventions and spoken sentences. In: Proceedings of 1st international joint conference of DiGRA and FDG

    Google Scholar 

  • Karapalidis G (2019) Neural storytelling: how AI is attempting content creation. https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2019/01/22/neural-storytelling-how-ai-attempting-content-creation

  • Kim S, Oh S (2009) Users’ relevance criteria for evaluating answers in a social Q&A site. J Am Soc Inform Sci Technol 60(4):716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kipper K, Korhonen A, Ryant N, Palmer M (2008) A large-scale classification of English verbs. Lang Resour Eval J 42:21–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Q, Mikolov T (2014) Distributed representations of sentences and documents. In: Eric P. Xing, Tony Jebara (eds) Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning—Volume 32 (ICML’14), Vol 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Liapis A, Yannakakis GN, Togelius J (2013) Sentient sketchbook: computer-aided game level authoring. In: FDG, pp 213–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Makhalova T, Ilvovsky DA, Galitsky B (2015) News clustering approach based on discourse text structure. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on computing news storylines @ACL

    Google Scholar 

  • Makhalova T, Ilvovsky D, Galitsky B (2019) Navigate and refine: IR chatbot based on conceptual models. In: ICCS 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmi E, Pighin D, Krause S, Kozhevnikov M (2018) Automatic prediction of discourse connectives. In: Proceedings of LREC. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.00992.pdf

  • Mann WC, Thompson SA (1988) Rhetoric al structure theory: toward a functional theory of text organization. Text 8(3):243–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcu D (1997) The rhetorical parsing, summarization, and generation of natural language texts. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown KR (1985) Text generation: using discourse strategies and focus constraints to generate natural language text. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller P, Afantenos S, Denis P, Asher N (2012) Constrained decoding for text-level discourse parsing. In: COLING, 1883–1900, Mumbai, India

    Google Scholar 

  • OpenNLP (2020) https://opennlp.apache.org/

  • Pasternack J, Roth D (2009) Extracting article text from the web with maximum subsequence segmentation. In: WWW ’09: proceedings of the 18th international conference on world wide web. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 971–980

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Dinesh N, Lee A, Miltsakaki E, Robaldo L, Joshi A, Webber B (2008) The Penn Discourse Treebank 2.0. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Marrakech, Morocco

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauper C, Barzilay R (2009) Automatically generating Wikipedia articles: a structure-aware approach. In: Proceedings of ACL. Suntec, Singapore, pp 2008–2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidorov G (2013) Syntactic dependency based N-grams in rule based automatic English as second language grammar correction. Int J Comput Linguist Appl 4(2):169–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidorov G (2014) Should syntactic N-grams contain names of syntactic relations? Int J Comput Linguist Appl 5(1):139–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarski A (1956) Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics. In: Woodger JH (ed), Oxford U. Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Vo NPA, Magnolini S, Popescu O (2015) FBK-HLT: a new framework for semantic textual similarity. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on semantic evaluation (SemEval-2015), NAACL-HLT 2015, Denver, US

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade M (2018) 5 ways chatbots are revolutionizing knowledge management. AtBot. https://blog.getbizzy.io/5-ways-chatbots-are-revolutionizing-knowledge-management-bdf925db66e9

  • Wray A (2002) Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahoo! Answers (2020) https://answers.yahoo.com/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boris Galitsky .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Galitsky, B. (2021). Concluding a CRM Session. In: Artificial Intelligence for Customer Relationship Management. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61641-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61641-0_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61640-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61641-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics