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First Wave of Flotation Technology Evolution: Once the World’s Largest DAF-Filtration Plant and Its Hydroelectric Facility

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Integrated Natural Resources Research

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 22))

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Abstract

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) was previously only used for sludge thickening in industrial and municipal biological wastewater treatment plants. There are two waves DAF technology developments. The first wave of DAF technology development elevates DAF for drinking water treatment, and a second wave of DAF technology development elevates DAF further for primary DAF clarification, secondary DAF clarification, and independent physicochemical wastewater treatment. This book chapter introduces the two new waves DAF technology evolutions, with special emphasis on the development once the world’s largest drinking water flotation-filtration (DAFF) plant and its hydroelectric power generation facility in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, USA. The heart of the Pittsfield Water Supply Facilities (PWSF) system is 6 DAFF package plants, commercially known as Krofta Sandfloat (Type 49, each diameter = 49 ft.; depth = 6 ft.; each design capacity = 6.25 MGD). The authors describe the DAFF package plant, the overall PWSF system, its chemical treatment, water disinfection, flow control, 5-MG concrete water storage tank, high pressure zones control system and management, innovative hydroelectric plant for energy generation, its supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, innovative direct filter backwash wastewater recycle, innovative elimination of water distribution lift pumps for energy saving, and innovative direct alum sludge reuse in the nearby Pittsfield Wastewater Treatment Plant for phosphate removal. The total project success was due to a collaborative team work involving our leader, Dr. Milos Krofta, the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT), Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC), O’Brien & Gere Engineers, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the City of Pittsfield. The authors also discuss other DAF process equipments (Supracell, AquaDAF, Clari-DAF), and the flotation’s future in America and the entire world.

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Abbreviations

DAF:

Dissolved air flotation

DAFF:

Dissolved air flotation-filtration package plant

KEC:

Krofta Engineering Corporation

LIWT:

Lenox Institute of Water Technology

PWSF:

Pittsfield Water Supply Facilities

SCADA:

Supervisory control and data acquisition

USEPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  2. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Authors
  1. Lawrence K. Wang
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  2. Mu-Hao Sung Wang
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary [239, 240, 243, 247]

Automatic backwash filtration (ABF)

A filtration system that is divided into many identical-shape filtration sections for automatic filtration operation and backwash. There is a moving carriage having a backwash hood and a backwash pump and traveling back and forth on top of the filtration sections. When the backwash hood covers one filtration section for automatic backwash (controlled by a timer), the rest filtration sections are in filtration mode. One filtration section is backwashed at a time, until all filtration sections are backwashed and restored to filtration mode again.

DAF-DAF

A two-stage water or wastewater treatment process system consisting of double dissolved air flotation clarifiers (2 DAF clarifiers) connected in series, usually one DAF is on the top of another DAF.

DAF-DAFF

A two-stage water or wastewater treatment process system consisting of a dissolved air flotation clarifier (DAF) and a dissolved air flotation-filtration clarifier (DAFF) connected in series, usually DAF is on the top of a DAFF.

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

It is a process involving pressurization of air at 25 to 95 psig for dissolving air into water, and subsequent release of pressure (to 1 atm) under laminar flow hydraulic conditions for generating extremely fine air bubbles (20–80 μm) which become attached to the impurities to be removed and rise to the water surface together. The impurities or pollutants to be removed are on the water surface are called float or scum which scooped off by sludge collection means. The clarified water is discharged from the flotation clarifier’s bottom. The air flow rate is about 1% of influent water flow rate. The attachment of air bubbles to the impurities can be a result of physical entrapment, electrochemical attraction, surface adsorption, and/or air stripping. The specific gravity of the bubble-impurity agglomerate is less than one, resulting in buoyancy or non-selective flotation (i.e. Save-All). If other gas instead of air is used, the process is called dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when another gas is used for generation of gas bubbles.

Dissolved air flotation-filtration (DAFF)

A package plant which consists of both dissolved air flotation and filtration. A typical example is Krofta Engineering Corporation’s Sandfloat clarifier.

Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation (DCDF)

One of dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when carbon dioxide is used for generation of gas bubbles. See dissolved gas flotation (DGF).

Dissolved gas flotation (DGF)

It is a process involving pressurization of gas at 25 to 95 psig for dissolving gas into water, and subsequent release of pressure (to 1 atm) under laminar flow hydraulic conditions for generating extremely fine gas bubbles (20–80 μm) which become attached to the impurities to be removed and rise to the water surface together. The impurities or pollutants to be removed are on the water surface are called float or scum which scooped off by sludge collection means. The clarified water is discharged from the flotation clarifier’s bottom. The gas flow rate is about 1% of influent liquid flow rate. The attachment of gas bubbles to the impurities can be a result of physical entrapment, electrochemical attraction, surface adsorption, and/or gas stripping. The specific gravity of the bubble-impurity agglomerate is less than one, resulting in buoyancy or non-selective flotation (i.e. Save-All).

Dissolved ozone flotation (DOF)

One of dissolved gas flotation (DGF) processes when ozone is used for generation of gas bubbles with or without UV. See dissolved gas flotation (DGF).

Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC)

It is an equipment manufacturer and engineering design company in Lenox, Massachusetts, USA, working closely with the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT) for develop, production, sales, installation and operation of innovative water and wastewater treatment processes, monitoring devices and analytical methods.

Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT)

It is a non-profit humanitarian environmental engineering college in Massachusetts, USA, with expertise in environmental STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) education, R&D, invention, process and monitoring system development, patent application, licensing, fund raising, engineering design and project management. LIWT teams up with Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC), for technology transfer, equipment design, and voluntary humanitarian global service through free education, training, and academic publications.

Sedimentation-flotation (SediFloat)

A combined sedimentation and dissolved air flotation clarifier, with sedimentation at the bottom and dissolved air flotation on the top. A typical example is SediFloat manufactured by Krofta Engineering Corporation.

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Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S. (2021). First Wave of Flotation Technology Evolution: Once the World’s Largest DAF-Filtration Plant and Its Hydroelectric Facility. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Integrated Natural Resources Research. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61002-9_8

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