Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview of the methods of biodiesel production from waste oily by-products from edible oil refinery, waste fats, and waste cooking oils with emphasis on factors that impact the synthesis of fatty acids alkyl esters. The aim is to show exploitation possibilities of the mentioned waste materials for making biodiesel. Various technologies such as chemical (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and enzyme catalysis as well as non-catalytic processes have been applied in biodiesel production from waste oils, fats, and cooking oils. The future commercial process of biodiesel production will be a choice among solid catalysts, lipases, and non-catalytic processes.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsAbbreviations
- AG:
-
Acylglycerols
- DAG:
-
Diacylglycerols
- DD:
-
Deodorizer distillate
- FAAE:
-
Fatty acid alkyl esters
- FAEE:
-
Ethyl esters
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acids
- MAG:
-
Monoacylglycerols
- SBE:
-
Spent bleaching earth
- SSR:
-
Soap-splitting route
- TAG:
-
Triacylglycerols
- WAF:
-
Waste animal fats
- WCO:
-
Waste cooking oils
References
Toldrá-Reig F, Mora L, Toldrá F (2020) Trends in biodiesel production from animal fat waste. Appl Sci 10:3644. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103644
Canakci M, Van Gerpen J (2001) Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids. Trans ASAE 44(6):1429–1436
Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M (2003) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour Technol 90:229–240
Krawczyk T (1996) Biodiesel: alternative fuel makes inroads but hurdles remain. Inform 7:800–815
Moser BR, Williams A, Haas MJ, McCormick RL (2009) Exhaust emissions and fuel properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil methyl esters blended with ultra low sulfur diesel fuel. Fuel Process Technol 90:1122–1128
Karmakar A, Karmakar S, Mukherjee S (2010) Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 101:7201–7210
Singh A, He B, Thompson J, van Gerpen J (2006) Process optimization of biodiesel production using different alkaline catalysts. Appl Eng Agric 22:597–600
Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70:1–15
Canakci M (2007) The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 98:183–190
Biodiesel Lurgi. http://lurgi.com/website/fileadmin/user_upload/1_PDF/1_Broshures_Flyer/englisch/0301e_Biodiesel.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2016
Bournay L, Casanave D, Delfort B, Hillion G, Chodorge JA (2005) New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production: a way to improve the quality and the value of the crude glycerin produced by biodiesel plants. Catal Today 106:190–192
Veljković VB, Stamenković OS, Todorović ZB, Lazić ML, Skala DU (2009) Kinetics of sunflower oil methanolysis catalyzed by calcium oxide. Fuel 88:1554–1562
Pinnarat T, Savage PE (2008) Assessment of non-catalytic biodiesel synthesis using supercritical reaction conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:6801–6808
Van Kasteren JMN, Nisworo AP (2007) A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification. Resour Conserv Recycl 50:442–458
Kusdiana D, Saka S (2004) Two-step preparation for catalyst-free biodiesel fuel production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 113–116:781–791
Dumont M-J, Narine SS (2007) Soapstock and deodorizer distillates from North American vegetable oils: review on their characterization, extraction and utilization. Food Res Int 40:957–974
Echim C, Verhe R, De Greyt W, Stevens C (2009) Production of biodiesel from side-stream refining products. Energy Environ Sci 2:1131–1141
Soy Stats (2020) World vegetable oil consumption 2019. In: A reference guide to important soybean facts & figures. American Soybean Association. https://soygrowers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SoyStats2020_for-WEB.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2020
Keskin A, Gürü M, Altiparmak D, Aydin K (2008) Using of cotton oil soapstock biodiesel–diesel fuel blends as an alternative diesel fuel. Renew Energy 33:553–557
Haas MJ, Scott K (1996) Combined nonenzymatic-enzymatic method for the synthesis of simple alkyl fatty acid esters from soapstock. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:1393–1401
Haas MJ, Michalski PJ, Runyon S, Nunez A, Scott KM (2003) Production of FAME from acid oil, a by-product of vegetable oil refining. J Am Oil Chem Soc 80:97–102
Wang ZM, Lee JS, Park JY, Wu CZ, Yuan ZH (2007) Novel biodiesel production technology from soybean soapstock. Korean J Chem Eng 24:1027–1030
Jin B, Zhu M, Fan P, Yu L-J (2008) Comprehensive utilization of the mixture of oil sediments and soapstocks for producing FAME and phosphatides. Fuel Process Technol 89:77–82
Shao P, Hea J, Suna P, Jiang S (2009) Process optimization for the production of biodiesel from rapeseed soapstock by a novel method of short path distillation. Biosyst Eng 102:285–290
Park J-Y, Kim D-K, Wang Z-M, Lee J-P, Park S-C, Lee J-S (2008) Production of biodiesel from soapstock using an ion-exchange resin catalyst. Korean J Chem Eng 25:1350–1354
Park J-Y, Wang Z-M, Kim D-K, Lee J-S (2010) Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts. Renew Energy 35:614–618
Li Y, Zhang X-D, Sun L (2010) Fatty acid methyl esters from soapstocks with potential use as biodiesel. Energy Convers Manag 51:2307–2311
Guo F, Xiu Z-L, Liang Z-X (2012) Synthesis of biodiesel from acidified soybean soapstock using a lignin-derived carbonaceous catalyst. Appl Energy 98:47–52
Pantoja SS, Mescouto VA, Costa C, Zamian JR, Rocha Filho G, Nascimento L (2018) High-quality biodiesel production from buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) oil soapstock. Molecules 24:94
Eaves PH, Spadaro JJ, Gastrock EA (1959) Methyl esters directly from acidulated soapstock. J Am Oil Chem Soc 36:230–234
Luxem FJ, Troy WM (2004) Method of making alkyl esters using pressure. US Patent 6768015. Research 550–553:687–692
McNeff CV, McNeff LC, Yan B, Nowlan DT, Rasmussen M, Gyberg AE, Krohn BJ, Ronald LF, Hoye TR (2008) A continuous catalytic system for biodiesel production. Appl Catal A Gen 343:39–48
Domingues C, Correia MJN, Carvalho R, Henriques C, Bordado J, Dias APS (2013) Vanadium phosphate catalysts for biodiesel production from acid industrial by-products. J Biotechnol 164:433–440
Watanabe Y, Pinsirodom P, Nagao T, Yamauchi A, Kobayashi T, Nishida Y, Takagi Y, Shimada Y (2007) Conversion of acid oil by produced in vegetable oil refining to biodiesel fuel by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. J Mol Catal B Enzym 44:99–105
Shao P, Meng X, He J, Sun P (2008) Analysis of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from rapeseed soapstock. Food Bioprod Process 86:283–289
Chen X, Du W, Liu D (2008) Response surface optimization of biocatalytic biodiesel production with acid oil. Biochem Eng J 40:423–429
Chen Y, Xiao B, Chang J, Fu Y, Lv P, Wang X (2009) Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor. Energy Convers Manag 50:668–673
Tüter M, Ayşe Aksoy H, Elif Gılbaz E, Kurşun E (2004) Synthesis of fatty acid esters from acid oils using lipase B from Candida antarctica. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 106:513–517
Akgün N, Yaprakci A, Candemir C (2010) Esterification of olive acid oil in supercritical methanol. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 112:593–599
Haas MJ, Bloomer S, Scott K (2000) Simple, high-efficiency synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from soapstock. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77:373–379
Watanabe Y, Nagao T, Nishida Y, Takagi Y, Shimada Y (2007) Enzymatic production of fatty acid methyl esters by hydrolysis of acid oil followed by esterification. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84:1015–1021
Cruz M, Almeida MF, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Dias JM (2019) Monitoring enzymatic hydroesterification of low-cost feedstocks by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Catalysts 9:535
Soares D, Serres JDS, Corazza ML, Mitchell DA, Goncalves AG, Krieger N (2015) Analysis of multiphasic behavior during the ethyl esterification of fatty acids catalyzed by a fermented solid with lipolytic activity in a packed-bed bioreactor in a closed-loop batch system. Fuel 159:364–372
Serres JDDS, Balmant W, Soares D, Corazza ML, Krieger N, Mitchell DA (2017) A combined sorption and kinetic model for multiphasic ethyl esterification of fatty acids from soybean soapstock acid oil catalyzed by a fermented solid with lipase activity in a solvent-free system. Biochem Eng J 120:84–92
Botton V, Piovan L, Meier HF, Mitchell DA, Cordova J, Krieger N (2018) Optimization of biodiesel synthesis by esterification using a fermented solid produced by Rhizopus microsporus on sugarcane bagasse. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 41:573–583
Choi N, Kim Y, Lee J, Kwak J, Lee J, Kim I-H (2016) Synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester from acid oil in a continuous reactor via an enzymatic transesterification. J Am Oil Chem Soc 93:311–318
Felizardo P, Machado J, Vergueiro D, Correia MJN, Gomes JP, Bordado JM (2011) Study on the glycerolysis reaction of high free fatty acid oils for use as biodiesel feedstock. Fuel Process Technol 92:1225–1229
Haas MJ (2005) Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Process Technol 86:1087–1096
Luxem FJ, Mirous BK (2008) Biodiesel from acidulated soapstock. In: Hou CT, Shaw JF (eds) Biocatalysis and bioenergy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, pp 115–129
Ong JTL (1983) Oil recovery from spent bleaching earth and disposal of the extracted material. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60:314–315
Huang Y-P, Chang JI (2010) Biodiesel production from residual oils recovered from spent bleaching earth. Renew Energy 35:269–274
Aziz AR, Harcharan S, Elkanzi EM, Lam LS, Liew SH (2001) Feasibility study of oil recovery from used bleaching earth using waste solvents. In: Porim International Palm Oil Congress (PIPOC) Proceedings, pp 126–133
Kalam A, Joshi J (1988) Regeneration of spent earth by wet oxidation. J Am Oil Chem Soc 65:1536–1540
Loh SK, Cheng SF, Choo YM, Ma AN (2006) A study of residual recovered from spent bleaching earth: their characteristics and applications. Am J Appl Sci 3:2063–2067
Yoo CK, Lin SW (2004) Regeneration of spent bleaching clay. MPOB TT No. 230. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Ministry of Plantation Industries and Communities, Kuala Lumpur
King JW, List GR, Johnson JH (1992) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of spent bleaching clays. J Supercrit Fluids 5:38–41
Waldmann C, Eggers R (1991) De-oiling contaminated bleaching clay by high-pressure extraction. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:922–930
Chang JI, Tai HS, Huang TH (2006) Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by lye extraction. Environ Prog 25:373–378
Basiron Y, Weng CK (2004) The oil palm and its sustainability. J Palm Oil Res 16:1–10
Boukerroui A, Ouali MS (2000) Regeneration of a spent bleaching earth and its reuse in the refining of an edible oil. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 75:773–776
Kheang LS, Foon CT, May CY, Ngan MA (2006) A study of residual oils recovered from spent bleaching earth: their characteristics and applications. Am J Appl Sci 3:2063–2067
Plata V, Rojas O, Gauthier-Maradei P (2020) Improvement of palm oil biodiesel filterability by treatment with reactivated spent bleaching earths. Fuel 260:116198
Lara PV, Park EY (2004) Potential application of waste activated bleaching earth on the production of fatty acid methyl esters using Candida cylindracea lipase in organic solvent system. Enzym Microb Technol 34:270–277
Gül ÖF, Tüter M, Aksoy HA (2010) The utilization of waste activated bleaching earth in biodiesel production: optimization by response surface methodology. Energy Source A 32:1812–1820
Lim BP, Maniam GP, Hamid SA (2009) Biodiesel from adsorbed waste oil on spent bleaching clay using CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst. Eur J Sci Res 33:347–357
Aladetuyi A, Olatunji G, Ogunniyi D, Odetoye T, Oguntoye S (2014) Production and characterization of biodiesel using palm kernel oil; fresh and recovered from spent bleaching earth. Biofuel Res J 1:134–138
Lara Pizarro AV, Park EY (2003) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils contained in waste activated bleaching earth. Process Biochem 38:1077–1082
Mat R, Ling OS, Johari A, Mohamed M (2011) In situ biodiesel production from residual oil recovered from spent bleaching earth. Bull Chem React Eng Catal 6:53–57
Sugiharto R, Hidayati S, Cholik R (2019) Application of response surface methodology to evaluate biodiesel production from spent bleaching earth by in situ transesterification process. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 230:012074
Suryani A, Mubarok Z, Suprihatin, Romli M, Yunira EN (2017) Process design of in situ esterification-transesterification for biodiesel production from residual oil of spent bleaching earth (SBE). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 65:012040
Kojima SK, Du D, Sato M, Park EY (2004) Efficient production of fatty acid methyl ester from waste activated bleaching earth using diesel oil as organic solvent. J Biosci Bioeng 98:420–424
Park EY, Sato M, Kojima S (2008) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from waste activated bleaching earth as raw material in a pilot plant. Bioresour Technol 99:3130–3135
Granados ML, Poves MDZ, Alonso DM, Mariscal R, Galisteo FC, Moreno-Tost R, Santamaría J, Fierro JLG (2007) Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide. Appl Catal B 73:317–326
Du D, Sato M, Mori M, Park EY (2006) Repeated production of fatty acid methyl ester with activated bleaching earth in solvent-free system. Process Biochem 41:1849–1853
Facioli NL, Barrera-Arellano D (2002) Optimization of direct acid esterification process of soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Grasas Aceites 53:206–212
Verhé R, Van Hoed V, Echim C, Stevens C, De Greyt W, Kellens M (2008) Production of biofuel from lipids and alternative resources. In: Hou CT, Shaw JF (eds) Biocatalysis and bioenergy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, pp 185–195
Chongkhong S, Tongurai C, Chetpattananondh P, Bunyakan C (2007) Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Biomass Bioenergy 31:563–568
Chongkhong S, Tongurai C, Chetpattananondh P (2009) Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process. Renew Energy 34:1059–1063
Villardi H, Ferreira Leal M, Andrade P, Pessoa F, Salgado A, Gomes de Oliveira A (2017) Catalytic and non-catalytic esterification of soybean oil deodorizer distillate by ethanol: kinetic modelling. Chem Eng Trans 57:1999–2004
Souza MS, Aguieiras ECG, da Silva MAP, Langone MAP (2009) Biodiesel synthesis via esterification of feedstock with high content of free fatty acids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 154:253–267
Xi L, Cao S (2011) Synthesis of biodiesel from by-product of plant oil by the catalysis of solid acid in fixed bed. Adv Mater Res 322:15–20
Liu Y, Wang L (2009) Biodiesel production from rapeseed deodorizer distillate in a packed column reactor. Chem Eng Process 48:1152–1156
Liu Y, Wang L, Yan Y (2009) Biodiesel synthesis combining pre-esterification with alkali catalyzed process from rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate. Fuel Process Technol 90:857–862
Yin XL, Duan XL, You QH, Dai CH, Tan ZB, Zhu XY (2016) Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate using calcined duck eggshell as catalyst. Energy Convers Manag 112:199–207
Naz S, Kara H, Sherazi STH, Aljabour A, Talpur FN (2014) A green approach for the production of biodiesel from fatty acids of corn deodorizer distillate. RSC Adv 4:48419–48425
Yin X, You Q, Ma H, Dai C, Zhang H, Li K, Li Y (2015) Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate enhanced by counter-current pulsed ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 23:53–58
Yin X, Zhang X, Wan M, Duan X, You Q, Zhang J, Li S (2017) Intensification of biodiesel production using dual-frequency counter-current pulsed ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 37:136–143
Ramamurthi S, Bhirud PR, McCurdy AR (1991) Enzymatic methylation of canola oil deodorizer distillate. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:970–975
Facioli NL, Barrera-Arellano D (2001) Optimisation of enzymatic esterification of soybean oil deodoriser distillate. J Sci Food Agric 81:1193–1198
Nagesha GK, Manohar B, Udaya Sankar K (2004) Enzymatic esterification of free fatty acids of hydrolyzed soy deodorizer distillate in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 32:137–145
Wang L, Du W, Liu D, Li L, Dai N (2006) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate with absorbent present in tert-butanol system. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43:29–32
Du W, Wang L, Liu D (2007) Improved methanol tolerance during Novozym435-mediated methanolysis of SODD for biodiesel production. Green Chem 9:173–176
Zeng L, He Y, Jiao L, Li K, Yan Y (2017) Preparation of biodiesel with liquid synergetic lipases from rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 183:778–791
Dos Santos Corrêa IN, de Souza SL, Catran M, Bernardes OL, Portilho MF, Langone MAP (2011) Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis using a byproduct obtained from palm oil refining. Enzyme Res 2011:814507. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/814507
Rahman Talukder MM, Wu JC, Lau SK, Cui LC, Shimin G, Lim A (2009) Comparison of Novozym 435 and Amberlyst 15 as heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Fuel 23:1–4
Lo SK, Baharin BS, Tan CP, Lai OM (2004) Enzyme-catalyzed production and chemical composition of diacylglycerols from corn oil deodorizer distillate. Food Biotechnol 18:265–278
Lo SK, Baharin BS, Tan CP, Lai OM (2004) Diacylglycerols from palm oil deodoriser distillate. Part 1 – Synthesis by lipase-catalysed esterification. Food Sci Technol Int 10:149–156
Lo SK, Baharin BS, Tan CP, Lai OM (2004) Lipase-catalysed production and chemical composition of diacylglycerols from soybean oil deodoriser distillate. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 106:218–224
Tangkam K, Weber N, Wiege B (2008) Solvent-free lipase-catalyzed preparation of diglycerides from co-products of vegetable oil refining. Grasas Aceites 59:245–253
Smet P (2008) Valorisatie van vetzuurdestillaten als biobrandstof door herverestering met glycerol. Master thesis. Karel de Grote-Hogeschool. Cited according to Echim et al. (17)
Öner C, Altun S (2009) Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Appl Energy 86:2114–2120
Thamsiriroj T, Murphy JD (2010) How much of the target for biofuels can be met by biodiesel generated from residues in Ireland? Fuel 89:3579–3589
Ngo HL, Zafiropoulos NA, Foglia TA, Samulski ET, Lin W (2008) Efficient two-step synthesis of biodiesel from greases. Energy Fuel 22:626–634
Gϋrϋ M, Artukoğlu BD, Keskin A, Koca A (2009) Biodiesel production from waste animal fat and improvement of its characteristics by synthesized nickel and magnesium additive. Energy Convers Manag 50:498–502
Dobbelaere D (2019) Statistical overview of the animal by-products industry in the EU in 2018. In: The 19th EFPRA Congress, La Baule, France, 14 June 2019. https://www.efpralabaule2019.com/docs/dobbelaere.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2020
Banković-Ilić IB, Stojković IJ, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB, Hung Y-T (2014) Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energy Rev 32:238–254
Lotero E, Liu Y, Lopez DE, Suwannakarn K, Bruce DA, Goodwin JG (2005) Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:5353–5363
Kusdiana D, Saka S (2004) Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment. Bioresour Technol 91:289–295
Ma F, Clements LD, Hanna MA (1998) The effects of catalyst, free fatty acids and water on transesterification of beef tallow. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 41:1261–1264
Mittelbach M, Pokits B, Silberholz A (1992) Production and fuel properties of fatty acid methyl esters from used frying oil. In: Liquid Fuels from Renewable Resources. Proceedings of an Alternative Energy Conference. ASAE Publication, Nashville, TN, USA, pp 74–78
Liu K (1994) Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas-chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71(11):1179–1187
Bhatti HN, Hanif MA, Qasim M, Rehman A (2008) Biodiesel production from waste tallow. Fuel 87:2961–2966
Encinar JM, Sánchez N, Martínez G, García L (2011) Study of biodiesel production from animal fats with high free fatty acid content. Bioresour Technol 102:10907–10914
Tashtoush GM, Mohamad I, Al-Widyan M, Al-Jarrah M (2004) Experimental study on evaluation and optimization of conversion of waste animal fat into biodiesel. Energy Convers Manag 45:2697–2711
Montefrio MJ, Xinwen T, Obbard JP (2010) Recovery and pre-treatment of fats, oil and grease from grease interceptors for biodiesel production. Appl Energy 87:3155–3161
Ngo HL, Zafiropoulos NA, Foglia TA, Samulski ET, Lin W (2010) Mesoporous silica-supported diarylammonium catalysts for esterification of free fatty acids in greases. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87:445–452
Kim M, DiMaggio C, Yan S, Wang H, Salley SO, Ng KYS (2011) Performance of heterogeneous ZrO2 supported metaloxide catalysts for brown grease esterification and sulfur removal. Bioresour Technol 102:2380–2386
Bianchi CL, Boffito DC, Pirola C, Ragaini V (2010) Low temperature de-acidification process of animal fat as a pre-step to biodiesel production. Catal Lett 134:179–183
Soldi RA, Oliveira ARS, Ramos LP, César-Oliveira MAF (2009) Soybean oil and beef tallow alcoholysis by acid heterogeneous catalysis. Appl Catal A Gen 361:42–48
Melero JA, Bautista LF, Iglesias J, Morales G, Sánchez-Vázquez R (2012) Zr-SBA-15 acid catalyst: optimization of the synthesis and reaction conditions for biodiesel production from low-grade oils and fats. Catal Today 195(1):44–53
Morales MSA, Krause LC, da Cunha ME, Faccini CS, de Menezes EW, Veses RC, Rodrigues MRA, Caramão EB (2008) Tallow biodiesel: properties evaluation and consumption tests in a diesel engine. Energy Fuel 22:1949–1954
Da Cunha ME, Krause LC, Moraes MSA, Faccini CS, Jacques RA, Almeida SR, Rodrigues MRA, Caramão EB (2009) Beef tallow biodiesel produced in a pilot scale. Fuel Process Technol 90:570–575
Teixeira LSG, Assis JCR, Mendonça DR, Santos ITV, Guimarães PRB, Pontes LAM, Teixeira JSR (2009) Comparison between conventional and ultrasonic preparation of beef tallow biodiesel. Fuel Process Technol 90:1164–1166
Hoque ME, Singh A, Chuan YL (2011) Biodiesel from low cost feedstocks: the effects of process parameters on the biodiesel yield. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1582–1587
Liu S, Wang Y, Oh JH, Herring JL (2011) Fast biodiesel production from beef tallow with radio frequency heating. Renew Energy 36:1003–1007
Fröhlich A, Rice B, Vicente G (2010) The conversion of low grade tallow into biodiesel-grade methyl ester. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87:825–833
Chung KH, Kim J, Lee KY (2009) Biodiesel production by transesterification of duck tallow with methanol on alkali catalysts. Biomass Bioenergy 33:155–158
Mata TM, Cardoso N, Ornelas M, Neves S, Caetano NS (2010) Sustainable production of biodiesel from tallow, lard and poultry fat and its quality evaluation. Energy Fuel 25:4756–4762
Mata TM, Cardoso N, Ornelas M, Neves S, Caetano NS (2011) Evaluation of two purification methods of biodiesel from beef tallow, pork lard and chicken fat. Chem Eng Trans 9:13–18
Jeong GT, Yang HS, Park DH (2009) Optimization of transesterification of animal fat ester using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 100:25–30
Fayyazi E, Ghobadian B, Najafi G, Hosseinzadeh B, Mamat R, Hosseinzadeh J (2015) An ultrasound-assisted system for the optimization of biodiesel production from chicken fat oil using a genetic algorithm and response surface methodology. Ultrason Sonochem 26:312–320
Stojković IJ, Banković-Ilić IB, Veličković AV, Avramović JM, Stamenković OS, Povrenović DS, Veljković VB (2016) Waste lard methanolysis catalyzed by KOH at moderate temperatures. Chem Eng Technol 39:741–750
Fadhil AB, Saeed IK, Saeed LI, Altamer MH (2016) Co-solvent ethanolysis of chicken waste: optimization of parameters and characterization of biodiesel. Energy Source A 38:2883–2890
Miladinović MR, Stojković IJ, Veličković AV, Stamenković OS, Banković-Ilić IB, Veljković VB (2019) Optimization and kinetic modeling of waste lard methanolysis in a continuous reciprocating plate reactor. Chin J Chem Eng 27:2481–2490
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF (2008) Mixtures of vegetable oils and animal fat for biodiesel production: influence on product composition and quality. Energy Fuel 22:3889–3893
Huong LTT, Tan PM, Hoa TTV (2011) Biodiesel production from fat of Tra catfish via heterogeneous basic-catalyzed transesterification using ultrasonic mixing. e J Surf Sci Nanotech 9:477–481
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF, Díaz JDM, Polo MS, Utrilla JR (2012) Selection of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from animal fat. Fuel 94:418–425
Stojković IJ, Miladinović MR, Stamenković OS, Banković-Ilić IB, Povrenović DS, Veljković VB (2016) Biodiesel production by methanolysis of waste lard from piglet roasting over quicklime. Fuel 182:454–466
Mutreja V, Singh S, Ali A (2011) Biodiesel from mutton fat using KOH impregnated MgO as heterogeneous catalysts. Renew Energy 36:2253–2258
Reddy CRV, Oshel R, Verkade JV (2006) Room-temperature conversion of soybean oil and poultry fat to biodiesel catalyzed by nanocrystalline calcium oxides. Energy Fuel 20:1310–1314
Liu Y, Lotero E, Goodwin JG Jr, Mo X (2007) Transesterification of poultry fat with methanol using Mg–Al hydrotalcite derived catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 331:138–148
Lee KT, Foglia TA, Chang KS (2002) Production of alkyl ester as biodiesel from fractionated lard and restaurant grease. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:191–195
Lu J, Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T (2007) Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from lard with immobilized Candida sp. 99-125. Process Biochem 42:1367–1370
Huang Y, Zheng H, Yan Y (2010) Optimization of lipase-catalyzed transesterification of lard for biodiesel production using response surface methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160:504–515
Da Rós PCM, Silva GAM, Mendes AA, Santos JC, de Castro HF (2010) Evaluation of the catalytic properties of Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized on non-commercial matrices to be used in biodiesel synthesis from different feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 101:5508–5516
Aryee ANA, Simpson BK, Cue RI, Phillip LE (2011) Enzymatic transesterification of fats and oils from animal discards to fatty acid ethyl esters for potential fuel use. Biomass Bioenergy 35:4149–4157
Taher H, Al-Zuhair S, Al-Marzouqui A, Hashim I (2011) Extracted fat from lamb meat by supercritical CO2 as feedstock for biodiesel production. Biochem Eng J 55:23–31
Al-Zuhair S, Hussein A, Al-Marzouqi AH, Hashim I (2012) Continuous production of biodiesel from fat extracted from lamb meat in supercritical CO2 media. Biochem Eng J 60:106–110
Marulanda VF, Anitescu G, Tavlarides LL (2010) Investigations on supercritical transesterification of chicken fat for biodiesel production from low-cost lipid feedstocks. J Supercrit Fluids 54:53–60
Shin HY, Lee SH, Ryu JH, Bae SY (2012) Biodiesel production from waste lard using supercritical methanol. J Supercrit Fluids 61:134–138
Vyas AP, Verma JL, Subrahmanyam N (2010) A review on FAME production processes. Fuel 89:1–9
Semwal S, Arora AK, Badoni RP, Tuli DK (2011) Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts. Bioresour Technol 102:2151–2161
Araújo BQ, da Rocha Nunes RC, de Moura CVR, de Moura EM, das Gracas Lopes Cito AM, dos Santos Junior JR (2010) Synthesis and characterization of beef tallow biodiesel. Energy Fuel 24:4476–4480
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF (2008) Comparison of the performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 87:3572–3578
Marulanda VF, Anitescu G, Tavlarides LL (2010) Biodiesel Fuels through a continuous flow process of chicken fat supercritical transesterification. Energy Fuel 24:253–260
Panneerselvam SI, Miranda LR (2011) Biodiesel production from mutton tallow. Int J Renew Energy Res 1:45–49
Alptekin E, Canakci M, Sanli H (2012) Evaluation of leather industry wastes as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Fuel 95:214–220
Alptekin E, Canakci M (2010) Optimization of pretreatment reaction for methyl ester production from chicken fat. Fuel 89:4035–4039
Alptekin E, Canakci M (2011) Optimization of transesterification for methyl ester production from chicken fat. Fuel 90:2630–2638
Chavan SB, Yadav M, Singh R, Singh V, Kumbhar RR, Sharma YC (2017) Production of biodiesel from three indigenous feedstocks: optimization of process parameters and assessment of various fuel properties. Environ Prog Sust Energy 36(3):788–795
Keskin A (2018) Two-step methyl ester production and characterization from the broiler rendering fat: the optimization of the first step. Renew Energy 122:216–224
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF (2009) Production of biodiesel from acid waste lard. Bioresour Technol 100:6355–6361
Sarantopoulos I, Chatzisymeon E, Foteinis S, Tsoutsos T (2014) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste lard by a two-step transesterification process under mild conditions. Energy Sust Dev 23:110–114
He C, Mei Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li P, Zhang Z, Jing Y, Li G, Jiao Y (2020) Enhanced biodiesel production from diseased swine fat by ultrasound assisted two-step catalyzed process. Bioresour Technol 304:123017
Lawan I, Garba ZN, Zhou W, Zhang M, Yuan Z (2020) Synergies between the microwave reactor and CaO/zeolite catalyst in waste lard biodiesel production. Renew Energy 145:2550–2560
Math MC, Kumar SP, Chetty SV (2010) Technologies for biodiesel production from used cooking oil - a review. Energy Sust Dev 14:339–345
Go-Green (2012) McDonald’s going eco-friendly. http://www.go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=1690. Accessed 26 May 2020
REM (2012) Neutral Fuels to expand bio-fuels operations to Australia. Renew Energy Mag. https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/biofuels/neutral-fuels-to-expand-biofuels-operations-to-20121219. Accessed 26 May 2020
Okada M (2012) Overview of production process and utilization of biodiesel fuel. JIME 47:45–50
Businesswire (2013) SeQuential Pacific biodiesel produces 20 millionth gallon of fuel, teams up with University of Oregon. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130828006134/en/SeQuential-Pacific-Biodiesel-Produces-20-Millionth-Gallon. Accessed 26 May 2020
Biofuels International (2012) New Agri biodiesel plant opens in Liverpool. https://biofuels-news.com/news/new-agri-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-liverpool/. Accessed 26 May 2020
Kulkarni MG, Dalai AK (2006) Waste cooking oil – an economical source for biodiesel: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:2901–2913
Cvengroš J, Cvengrošova Z (2004) Used frying oils and fats and their utilization in the production of methyl esters of higher fatty acids. Biomass Bioenergy 27:173–181
Yuan X, Liu J, Zeng G, Shi J, Tong J, Huang G (2008) Optimization of conversion of waste rapeseed oil with high FFA to biodiesel using response surface methodology. Renew Energy 33:1678–1684
Lertsathapornsuk V, Pairintra R, Aryusuk K, Krisnangkura K (2008) Microwave assisted in continuous biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil and its performance in a 100 kW diesel generator. Fuel Process Technol 89:1330–1336
Refaat AA (2010) Different techniques for the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:183–213
Felizardo P, Correia MJ, Raposo I, Mendes JF, Berkemeier R, Bordado JM (2006) Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Manag 26:487–494
Supple B, Holward-Hildige R, Gonzalez-Gomez E, Leahy JJ (2002) The effect of steam treating waste cooking oil on the yield of methyl ester. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:175–178
Ning N, Ren L (2012) Process of biodiesel made from waste cooking oil via acid catalyst. Adv Mater Res 518–523:3427–3431
Al-Widyan MI, Al-Shyoukh AO (2002) Experimental evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 85:253–256
Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M (2003) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol 89:1–16
Zheng S, Kates M, Dubé MA, McLean DD (2006) Acid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oil. Biomass Bioenergy 30:267–272
Wang Y, Ou SY, Liu PZ, Xue F, Tang S (2006) Comparison of two different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil. J Mol Catal A Chem 252:107–112
Dhawane SH, Karmakar B, Ghosh S, Halder G (2018) Parametric optimisation of biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil via Taguchi approach. J Environ Chem Eng 6:3971–3980
Jacobson K, Gopinath R, Meher LC, Dalai AK (2008) Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Appl Catal B Environ 85:86–91
Yan S, Salley SO, Simon Ng KY (2009) Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts. Appl Catal A Gen 353:203–212
Lam MK, Lee KT (2011) Mixed methanol–ethanol technology to produce greener biodiesel from waste cooking oil: a breakthrough for SO42–/SnO2–SiO2 catalyst. Fuel Process Technol 92:1639–1645
Noshadi I, Amin NAS, Parnas RS (2012) Continuous production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a reactive distillation column catalyzed by solid heteropolyacid: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel 94:156–164
Talebian-Kiakalaieh A, Amin NAS, Zarei A, Noshadi I (2013) Transesterification of waste cooking oil by heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst: optimization and kinetic model. Appl Energy 102:283–292
Cao F, Chen Y, Zhai F, Li J, Wang J, Wang X, Wang S, Zhu W (2008) Biodiesel production from high acid value waste frying oil catalyzed by superacid heteropolyacid. Biotechnol Bioeng 101:93–100
Zhang X, Li J, Chen Y, Wang J, Feng L, Wang X, Cao F (2009) Heteropolyacid nanoreactor with double acid sites as a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Energy Fuel 23:4640–4646
Srilatha K, Issariyakul T, Lingaiah N, Sai Prasad PS, Kozinski J, Dalai AK (2010) Efficient esterification and transesterification of used cooking oil using 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)/Nb2O5 catalyst. Energy Fuel 24:4748–4755
Zhang H, Ding J, Zhao Z (2012) Microwave assisted esterification of acidified oil from waste cooking oil by CERP/PES catalytic membrane for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 123:72–77
Zhu M, He B, Shi W, Feng Y, Ding J, Li J, Zeng F (2010) Preparation and characterization of PSSA/PVA catalytic membrane for biodiesel production. Fuel 89:2299–2304
Feng Y, He B, Cao Y, Li J, Liu M, Yan F, Liang X (2010) Biodiesel production using cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresour Technol 101:1518–1521
Lou W-Y, Zong M-H, Duan Z-Q (2008) Efficient production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid-containing waste oils using various carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalysts. Bioresour Technol 99:8752–8758
Tomašević AV, Šiler-Marinković SS (2003) Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Process Technol 81:1–6
Dorado MP, Ballesteros E, Mittelbach M, Lopez FJ (2004) Kinetic parameters affecting the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process of used olive oil. Energy Fuel 18:1457–1462
Çetinkaya M, Karaosmanoğlu F (2004) Optimization of base-catalyzed transesterification reaction of used cooking oil. Energy Fuel 18:1888–1895
Encinar JM, Gonzalez JF, Rodriguez-Reinares A (2005) Biodiesel from used frying oil. Variables affecting the yields and characteristics of the biodiesel. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:5491–5499
Refaat AA, Attia NK, Sibak HA, El Sheltawy ST, El Diwani GI (2008) Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Int J Environ Sci Technol 5:75–82
Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, Navarro A (2000) Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. Biomass Bioenergy 18:515–527
Agarwal M, Chauhan G, Chaurasia SP, Singh K (2012) Study of catalytic behavior of KOH as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:89–94
Encinar JM, Juan F, Gonzalez JF, Rodriguez-Reinares A (2007) Ethanolysis of used frying oils: biodiesel preparation and characterization. Fuel Process Technol 88:513–522
Azcan N, Yilmaz O (2013) Microwave assisted transesterification of waste frying oil and concentrate methyl ester content of biodiesel by molecular distillation. Fuel 104:614–619
Chen K-S, Lin Y-C, Hsu K-H, Wang H-K (2012) Improving biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil by using sodium methoxide and a microwave heating system. Energy 38:151–156
Thanh LT, Okitsu K, Sadanaga Y, Takenaka N, Maeda Y, Bandow H (2013) A new co-solvent method for the green production of biodiesel fuel – optimization and practical application. Fuel 103:742–748
Leung DYC, Guo Y (2006) Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 87:883–890
Chhetri AB, Watts KC, Islam MR (2008) Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production. Energies 1:3–18
Phan AN, Phan TM (2008) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87:3490–3496
Dehkordi AM, Ghasemi M (2012) Transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using Ca and Zr mixed oxides as heterogeneous base catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 97:45–51
Guan G, Kusakabe K, Yamasaki S (2009) Tri-potassium phosphate as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Fuel Process Technol 90:520–524
Hameed BH, Goh CS, Chin LH (2009) Process optimization for methyl ester production from waste cooking oil using activated carbon supported potassium fluoride. Fuel Process Technol 90:1532–1537
Sankaranarayanan S, Antonyraj CA, Kannan S (2012) Transesterification of edible, non-edible and used cooking oils for biodiesel production using calcined layered double hydroxides as reusable base catalysts. Bioresour Technol 109:57–62
Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Tsuji T, Kubo M, Yonemoto T (2011) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using anion-exchange resin as both catalyst and adsorbent. Bioenergy Res 4:287–293
Kouzu M, Hidaka J-S, Komichi Y, Nakano H, Yamamoto M (2009) A process to transesterify vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of quick lime bit functioning as solid base catalyst. Fuel 88:1983–1990
Wen Z, Yu X, Tu S-T, Yan J, Dahlquist E (2010) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by TiO2–MgO mixed oxides. Bioresour Technol 101:9570–9576
Brito A, Borges ME, Garín M, Hernández A (2009) Biodiesel production from waste oil using Mg-Al layered double hydroxide catalysts. Energy Fuel 23:2952–2958
Borges ME, Díaz L, Alvarez-Galván MC, Brito A (2011) High performance heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from vegetal and waste oil at low temperature. Appl Catal B Environ 102:310–315
Roschat W, Kacha M, Yoosuk B, Sudyoadsuk T, Promarak V (2012) Biodiesel production based on heterogeneous process catalyzed by solid waste coral fragment. Fuel 98:194–202
Birla A, Singh B, Upadhyay SN, Sharma YC (2012) Kinetics studies of synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from snail shell. Bioresour Technol 106:95–100
Boey P-L, Ganesana S, Maniamb GP, Khairuddean M (2012) Catalysts derived from waste sources in the production of biodiesel using waste cooking oil. Catal Today 190:117–121
Balakrishan K, Olutoye MA, Hameed BH (2013) Synthesis of methyl esters from waste cooking oil using construction waste material as solid base catalyst. Bioresour Technol 128:788–791
Baskar G, Aiswarya R (2015) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using copper doped zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresour Technol 188:124–127
Hsiao M-C, Kuo J-Y, Hsieh S-A, Hsieh P-H, Hou S-S (2020) Optimized conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using modified calcium oxide as catalyst via a microwave heating system. Fuel 266:117114
Maneerung T, Kawi S, Dai Y, Wang C-H (2016) Sustainable biodiesel production via transesterification of waste cooking oil by using CaO catalysts prepared from chicken manure. Energy Convers Manag 123:487–497
Kaewdaeng S, Sintuya P, Nirunsin R (2017) Biodiesel production using calcium oxide from river snail shell ash as catalyst. Energy Procedia 138:937–942
Farooq M, Ramli A, Naeem A (2015) Biodiesel production from low FFA waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones. Renew Energy 76:362–368
Khan HM, Iqbal T, Ali CH, Yasin S, Jamil F (2020) Waste quail beaks as renewable source for synthesizing novel catalysts for biodiesel production. Renew Energy 154:1035–1043
Zik NAFA, Sulaiman S, Jamal P (2020) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using calcium oxide/nanocrystal cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol catalyst in a packed bed reactor. Renew Energy 155:267–277
Chesterfield DM, Rogers PL, Al-Zaini EO, Adesina AA (2012) Production of biodiesel via ethanolysis of waste cooking oil using immobilised lipase. Chem Eng J 207–208:701–710
De los Ríos AP, Hernández Fernández FJ, Gómez D, Rubio M, Víllora G (2011) Biocatalytic transesterification of sunflower and waste cooking oils in ionic liquid media. Process Biochem 46:1475–1480
Halim SFA, Kamaruddin AH (2008) Catalytic studies of lipase on FAME production from waste cooking palm oil in a tert-butanol system. Process Biochem 43:1436–1439
Yagiz F, Kazan D, Akin AN (2007) Biodiesel production from waste oils by using lipase immobilized on hydrotalcite and zeolites. Chem Eng J 134:262–267
Chen G, Ying M, Li W (2006) Enzymatic conversion of waste cooking oils into alternative fuel—biodiesel. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 132(129):911–921
Li N-W, Zong M-H, Wu H (2009) Highly efficient transformation of waste oil to biodiesel by immobilized lipase from Penicillium expansum. Process Biochem 44:685–688
Charpe TW, Rathod VK (2011) Biodiesel production using waste frying oil. Waste Manag 31:85–90
Ali CH, Qureshi AS, Mbadinga SM, Liu J-F, Yang S-Z, Mu B-Z (2017) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using onsite produced purified lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa FW_SH-1: central composite design approach. Renew Energy 109:93–100
Campanelli P, Banchero M, Manna L (2010) Synthesis of biodiesel from edible, non-edible and waste cooking oils via supercritical methyl acetate transesterification. Fuel 89:3675–3682
Demirbaş A (2009) Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification. Energy Convers Manag 50:923–927
Lee S, Posarac D, Ellis N (2012) An experimental investigation of biodiesel synthesis from waste canola oil using supercritical methanol. Fuel 91:229–237
Tan KT, Lee KT, Mohamed AR (2011) Potential of waste palm cooking oil for catalyst-free biodiesel production. Energy 36:2085–2088
Patil P, Deng S, Rhodes JI, Lammers PJ (2010) Conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using ferric sulfate and supercritical methanol processes. Fuel 89:360–364
Lam MK, Lee MK, Mohamed AR (2010) Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: a review. Biotechnol Adv 28:500–518
Zabeti M, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK (2009) Activity of solid catalysts for biodiesel production: a review. Fuel Process Technol 90:770–777
Zong M-H, Duan Z-Q, Lou W-Y, Smith TJ, Wu H (2007) Preparation of a sugar catalyst and its use for highly efficient production of biodiesel. Green Chem 9:434–437
Wang JF, Peng BX, Wang JL, Wang GR, Wang RD (2007) A continuous process for producing biodiesel from feedstocks with high contents of free fatty acids by heterogenous catalysis. Chinese Patent CN101067091
Park Y-M, Lee D-W, Kim D-K, Lee J-S, Lee K-Y (2008) The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel. Catal Today 131:238–243
Feng Y, Zhang A, Li J, He B (2011) A continuous process for biodiesel production in a fixed bed reactor packed with cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresour Technol 102:3607–3609
Enweremadu CC, Mbarawa MM (2009) Technical aspects of production and analysis of biodiesel from used cooking oil—a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 13:2205–2224
Saifuddin N, Chua KH (2004) Production of ethyl ester (biodiesel) from used frying oil: optimization of transesterification process using microwave irradiation. Malays J Chem 6:77–82
Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T (2006) Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: optimization of the biodiesel production. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43:142–147
Rodrigues AR, Paiva A, da Silva MG, Simões P, Barreiros S (2011) Continuous enzymatic production of biodiesel from virgin and waste sunflower oil in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 56:259–264
Gog A, Roman M, Toşa M, Paizs C, Irimie FD (2012) Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification – current state and perspectives. Renew Energy 39:10–16
Dizge N, Aydiner C, Imer DY, Bayramoglu M, Tanriseven A, Keskinler B (2009) Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer. Bioresour Technol 100:1983–1991
Kim SH, Kim S-j, Park S, Kim HK (2013) Biodiesel production using cross-linked Staphylococcus haemolyticus lipase immobilized on solid polymeric carriers. J Mol Catal B Enzym 85–86:10–16
Yan J, Yan Y, Liu S, Hu J, Wang G (2011) Preparation of cross-linked lipase-coated micro-crystals for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Bioresour Technol 102:4755–4758
Halim SFA, Kamaruddin AH, Fernando WJN (2009) Continuous biosynthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking palm oil in a packed bed reactor: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer studies. Bioresour Technol 100:710–716
Hama S, Yoshida A, Tamadani N, Noda H, Kondo A (2013) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a packed-bed reactor: an engineering approach to separation of hydrophilic impurities. Bioresour Technol 135:417–421
Gong H, Gao L, Nie K, Wang M, Tan T (2020) A new reactor for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: a static-mixed reactor pilot study. Renew Energy 154:270–277
Tan T, Lu J, Nie K, Deng L, Wang F (2010) Biodiesel production with immobilized lipase: a review. Biotechnol Adv 28:628–634
West AH, Posarac D, Ellis N (2008) Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS.Plant. Bioresour Technol 99:6587–6601
Imahara H, Minami E, Hari S, Saka S (2008) Thermal stability of biodiesel in supercritical methanol. Fuel 87:1–6
Charoenchaitrakool M, Thienmethangkoon J (2011) Statistical optimization for biodiesel production from waste frying oil through two-step catalyzed process. Fuel Process Technol 92:112–118
Hancsók J, Kovács F, Krár M (2004) Production of vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters from used frying oil by combined acidic/alkali transesterification. Petrol Coal 46:36–44
Jain S, Sharma MP, Rajvanshi S (2011) Acid base catalyzed transesterification kinetics of waste cooking oil. Fuel Process Technol 92:32–38
Li J, Zhou H, Cao Y (2012) Transesterification of waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel using acid and alkaline catalyst. Adv Mater Res 518–523:3566–3572
Liu S, McDonald T, Wang Y (2010) Producing biodiesel from high free fatty acids waste cooking oil assisted by radio frequency heating. Fuel 89:2735–2740
Tanawannapong Y, Kaewchada A, Jaree A (2013) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a microtube reactor. J Ind Eng Chem 19:37–41
Thanh LT, Okitsu K, Sadanaga Y, Takenaka N, Maeda Y, Bandow H (2010) A two-step continuous ultrasound assisted production of biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oils: a practical and economical approach to produce high quality biodiesel fuel. Bioresour Technol 101:5394–5401
Guzatto R, de Martini TL, Samios D (2011) The use of a modified TDSP for biodiesel production from soybean, linseed and waste cooking oil. Fuel Process Technol 92:2083–2088
Guzatto R, Defferrari D, Reiznautt QB, Cadore ÍR, Samios D (2012) Transesterification double step process modification for ethyl ester biodiesel production from vegetable and waste oils. Fuel 92:197–203
Corro G, Tellez N, Jimenez T, Tapia A, Banuelos F, Vazquez-Cuchillo O (2011) Biodiesel from waste frying oil. Two step process using acidified SiO2 for esterification step. Catal Today 166:116–122
Srilatha K, Prabhavathi Devi BLA, Lingaiah N, Prasad RBN, Sai Prasad PS (2012) Biodiesel production from used cooking oil by two-step heterogeneous catalyzed process. Bioresour Technol 119:306–311
Wan Omar WNN, Nordin N, Mohamed M, Amin NAS (2009) A two-step biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: optimization of pre-treatment step. J Appl Sci 9:3098–3103
Wang Y, Ou S, Liu P, Zhang Z (2007) Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process. Energy Convers Manag 48:184–188
Muciño GG, Romero R, Ramírez A, Martínez SL, Baeza-Jiménez R, Natividad R (2014) Biodiesel production from used cooking oil and sea sand as heterogeneous catalyst. Fuel 138:143–148
Tan YH, Abdullah MO, Kansedo J, Mubarak NM, Chan YS, Nolasco-Hipolito C (2019) Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using green solid catalyst derived from calcined fusion waste chicken and fish bones. Renew Energy 139:696–706
Guangrui L, Guanyi C (2012) Pilot plant of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Adv Mater Res 550–553:687–692
Joshi H, Moser BR, Toler J, Walker T (2010) Preparation and fuel properties of mixtures of soybean oil methyl and ethyl esters. Biomass Bioenergy 34:14–20
Cvengroš J, Paligová J, Cvengrošova Z (2006) Properties of alkyl esters base on castor oil. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 108:629–635
Rashid U, Anwar F (2008) Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. Fuel 87:265–273
Cheng SF, Choo YM, Yung CL, Ma AN, Basiron Y (2005) Palm biodiesel: gearing towards Malaysian biodiesel standards. Malaysia Palm Oil Board. Palm Oil Developments, Kuala Lumpur. Issue POD 42
Yaşar F (2020) Comparison of fuel properties of biodiesel fuels produced from different oils to determine the most suitable feedstock type. Fuel 264:116817
Haas MJ, Scott KM, Alleman TL, McCormick RL (2001) Engine performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: a high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock. Energy Fuel 15:1207–1212
Kulkarni BM, Pujar BG, Shanmukhappa S (2008) Investigation of acid oil as a source of biodiesel. Ind J Chem Technol 15:467–471
Yingming C, Jidong L, Bo X, Jie C, Yan F, Xuewei W (2008) Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from acid oil in fixed bed reactor. Res J Biotech 3:5–12
Issariyakul T, Kulkarni MG, Dalai AK, Bakhshi N (2007) Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system. Fuel ProcessTechnol 88:429–436
Meng X, Chena G, Wang Y (2011) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test. Fuel Process Technol 89:851–857
Canakci M, Sanli H (2008) Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:431–441
Jagadale SS, Jugulkar LM (2012) Production and analysis of chemical properties of chicken fat based biodiesel and its various blends. Int J Eng Res Dev 1(7):34–37
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF, Diaz JDM, Polo MS, Utrilla JR (2013) Biodiesel production using calcium manganese oxide as catalyst and different raw materials. Energy Convers Manag 65:647–653
Mittelbach M (1996) Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, VI: specifications and quality control of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 56:7–11
Demirbas A (2010) Social, economic, environmental and policy aspects of biofuels. Energy Educ Sci Technol B 2:75–109
Lee S, Posarac D, Ellis N (2011) Process simulation and economic analysis of biodiesel production processes using fresh and waste vegetable oil and supercritical methanol. Chem Eng Res Des 89:2626–2642
Demirbas A (2009) Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Convers Manag 50:14–34
Sakai T, Kawashima A, Koshikawa T (2009) Economic assessment of batch biodiesel production processes using homogeneous and heterogeneous alkali catalysts. Bioresour Technol 100:3268–3276
Acknowledgment
Serbian authors are thankful to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, which supports their work under the Project III 45001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Glossary
- Biodiesel
-
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters.
- Catalysis
-
Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst.
- Cooking oils
-
Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking.
- Enzyme catalysis
-
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an “enzyme.”
- Esterification
-
Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product.
- Fats
-
Fat is a type of nutrient.
- Transesterification
-
Transesterification is the process of exchanging the organic group R″ of an ester with the organic group R′ of an alcohol.
- Vegetable oils
-
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Veljković, V.B., Banković-Ilić, I.B., Stamenković, O.S., Hung, YT. (2021). Waste Vegetable Oils, Fats, and Cooking Oils in Biodiesel Production. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Integrated Natural Resources Research. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61002-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61002-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61001-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61002-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)