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Sustainable Development Versus Human-Made Atrocities—Never Again

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Places of Memory and Legacies in an Age of Insecurities and Globalization

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Abstract

The humanities, social and political sciences are sometimes accused of not being ‘applied enough’ with smart ‘products’ for the consumer. In education and Geography, getting the skills-competencies balance—along with reflection is vital for sustainable development including approaches to spaces of memory. Human rights abuse and conflict is the corollary of the democracy ideal and sustainability. Preservation of sites of shame or conscience enhances the duty, responsibility and right to remember. These sites embody the inherent political dangers faced by humanity and must be recognized as still existing today at another scale with use of social media by extremists promoting hate speech and terrorism, and by groups justifying themselves with spurious reference to history and sites of memory. With this in mind, the Counter Extremism Project, a non-profit NGO combats dangerous groups “by pressuring financial support networks, countering the narrative of extremists and their online recruitment, and advocating for strong laws, policies and regulations”. Extremist groups can attempt to erase or else promote sites or memory with their own corrupted narratives. Danger exists for those who cannot remember, or at lease empathize with the victims of past political constructs and aberrations. WWI witnessed the clash of the major imperial powers, a prelude to WWII and creation of the UN in 1945, and subsequent founding of UNESCO promoting World Heritage Sites (WHS) and sites of conscience.

Counter Extremism Project https://www.counterextremism.com/.

1941–18 Online—International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Memory of the War: Popular Memory 1918–45, 1945–Present. By Susanne Brandt. 24 May 2017. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/memory_of_the_war_popular_memory_1918-1945_1945_to_the_present.

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Notes

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    Documentary—People's Century. Part 05. 1924 On The Line. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aarFxsGUJSA.

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  3. 3.

    See: The Counter Extremism Project. It is a non-profit NGO that combats extremist groups “by pressuring financial support networks, countering the narrative of extremists and their online recruitment, and advocating for strong laws, policies and regulations.” https://www.counterextremism.com/.

  4. 4.

    See: 1941–18 Online—International Encyclopaedia of the First World War. Memory of the War: Popular Memory 1918–45, 1945–Present. By Susanne Brandt. 24 May 2017. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/memory_of_the_war_popular_memory_1918-1945_1945_to_the_present.

    See: 1941–18 Online—International Encyclopaedia of the First World War. Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Germany). By Nadine Rossol 8 Oct. 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commemoration_cult_of_the_fallen_germany.

    See: https://journals.openedition.org/viatourism/494 for a collection of articles concerning memory, WWI and tourism; e.g. Myriam Jansen-Verbeke et Wanda George. Memoryscapes of the Great War (1914–1918): A paradigm shift in tourism research on war heritage. https://journals.openedition.org/viatourism/494.

  5. 5.

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  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  20. 20.

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    UN Office on genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Responsibility to Protect. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.shtml.

  23. 23.

    To read more: http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/about%20the%20court/frequently%20asked%20questions/Pages/1.aspx.

  24. 24.

    See: YouTube:

    Multilateralism meaning and explanation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfXXURLo5M4.

    What is Geopolitics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4fggKGAoQ0.

    ICC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emMAsXnOQlI;

    Why is the International Criminal Court under attack?—BBC News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxfHYjg6MOU).

    R2P: What is the responsibility to protect (R2P)? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-abrvhAnb4.

    R2P in Crisis Following UN Syria Vote: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCaizDWiYTA.

    3 problems with the Responsibility to Protect: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0MFUeSTiBw.

    Noam Chomsky: Against ‘Humanitarian Intervention’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZQMhGe1pgM

    Humanitarianism and the R2P doctrine: A conversation with Professor Gareth Evans. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEUNzAKZuxQ.

    Which Countries Are Neutral? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LvWTmqn7A4.

  25. 25.

    The World Heritage Convention https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/.

  26. 26.

    See Criminalisation of the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, University of Technology, Sydney. 2016. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/CulturalRights/DestructionHeritage/NGOS/A.P.Vrdoljak_text1.pdf.

  27. 27.

    Memory. https://www.google.com/search?q=UN+Definition+of+site+of+memory&rlz=1C1GGRV_enIE751IE751&oq=UN+Definition+of+site+of+memory&aqs=chrome..69i57.11008j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.

  28. 28.

    International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. What Is a Site of Conscience? http://gulag.cz/novinky/stali-jsme-se-cleny-mezinarodni-koalice-mist-svedomi-sites-of-conscience/ICSC-Press-Kit.pdf.

    Sites of Conscience. George M. Anderson October 09, 2006. https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/586/article/sites-conscience.

    European Sites of Conscience Network. https://chwb.org/albania/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/08/Coalition_booklet_FINAL_LOW-RES.pdf.

  29. 29.

    See: UNESCO: Sites of Memory. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/.

    See: Slave Route http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/slave-route/spotlight/preservation-of-memorial-sites-and-places/places-of-memory-of-the-slave-route-in-the-latin-caribbean/.

  30. 30.

    See: Island of Gorée: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/26.

    Nantes Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery: http://memorial.nantes.fr/en/discovery/.

    Route des Abolitions. http://www.abolitions.org/index.php.

    Liverpool’s International Slavery Museum: http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/.

    Permanent Memorial to Honour the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade at the United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/events/slaveryremembranceday/memorial.shtml.

    International Seminar on the management of slavery sites of memory. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/slave-route/spotlight/international-seminar-on-the-management-of-slavery-sites-of-memory/.

  31. 31.

    Portugal Visitor. Mercado de Escravos (Slave Market https://www.portugalvisitor.com/portugal-museums/slave-museum.

    UNESCO. The African Slave Trade from the 15th to 19th Century. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_ef67d225-da66-45ac-b18f-1ec254681f76?_=038840engo.pdf.

  32. 32.

    Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/.

    Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/.

    MSF: Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) https://www.msf.org/

    Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières) https://rsf.org/en.

  33. 33.

    List of last World War I veterans by country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country.

  34. 34.

    1914–18 Online—International Encyclopaedia of WWI http://www.1914-1918-online.net/06_WWI_websites/index.html.

    Facing History and Ourselves. https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-3/brutal-realities-world-war-i.

  35. 35.

    See: Denial—a 2016 British-American biographical drama film directed by Mick Jackson and written by David Hare, based on Deborah Lipstadt's book History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier. It dramatizes the Irving v Penguin Books Ltd. case, in which Lipstadt, a Holocaust scholar, was sued by Holocaust denier David Irving for libel.

  36. 36.

    Wikipedia. Holocaust Denial. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial.

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    See: Interview with: Gevorg Vardanyan—Acting Director of the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. https://vimeo.com/267601390?from=outro-embed This video is part of the Global Campus MOOC on Memory Sites and Human Rights. Free enrolment at canvas.net/browse/eiuc/courses/memory-sites-human-rights.

    See: 1941–18 Online—International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Armenian Genocide. By Ronald Grigor Suny. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_genocide.

  38. 38.

    Guardian. Turkey eclipses centenary of Armenian massacre by moving Gallipoli memorial. By Constanze Letsch. 16 April 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/16/turkey-armenia-1915-centenary-gallipoli-massacre-genocide.

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    Institute of the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. ELIE WIESEL GENOCIDE AND ATROCITIES PREVENTION ACT SIGNED INTO LAW. 27 Fe. 2019. http://www.ihgjlm.com/2019/02/27/elie-wiesel-genocide-and-atrocities-prevention-act-signed-into-law/.

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    ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1 NEA-PSHSS-14-001 Weekly Report 87–88—March 30 to April 12, 2016 Michael D. Danti, Amr Al-Azm, Allison Cuneo, Susan Penacho, Bijan Rouhani, Marina Gabriel, Jamie O’Connell, Kyra Kaercher. http://www.asor-syrianheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ASOR_CHI_Weekly_Report_87%E2%80%9388r.pdf.

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    Encyclopedia Britannica. Armenian genocide—Turkish-Armenian history

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  41. 41.

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  44. 44.

    See: 1941–18 Online—International Encyclopaedia of the First World War. Russian Empire. By Joshua A. Sanborn. 30 Nov. 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/russian_empire.

  45. 45.

    Russia’s Gulag History State Museum. https://gmig.ru/en/.

  46. 46.

    International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. Gulag Museum at Perm-36 Russia. https://www.sitesofconscience.org/en/membership/gulag-museum-at-perm-36-russia/

    The Tag Gulag in Czechia was recognized as a site of conscience in 2009. https://www.sitesofconscience.org/en/tag/gulag/

    Fund B92 Serbia Initiative for the construction of a memorial educational centre. https://chwb.org/albania/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/08/Coalition_booklet_FINAL_LOW-RES.pdf.

  47. 47.

    Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial. https://www.museumsportal-berlin.de/en/museums/gedenkstatte-berlin-hohenschonhausen/.

  48. 48.

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  49. 49.

    Museum of Communism https://www.booking.com/attractions/cz/prague/2571.html?product_id=2571aid=1703766;label=&aid=318615;label=New_English_EN_IE_20153706025-1owzNxtgdokbg*yIzxrErgS77620568665:pl:ta:p1:p2:ac:ap1t1:neg;ws=&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIksTR8Z_x4wIVSrDtCh1TRQKxEAAYASAAEgK5yPD_BwE.

  50. 50.

    See: Platform of European Memory and Conscience https://www.memoryandconscience.eu/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_of_European_Memory_and_Conscience.

  51. 51.

    MEMORIAL and MUSEUM: AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU FORMER GERMAN NAZI CONCENTRATION and EXTERMINATION CAMP. http://auschwitz.org/en/.

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  52. 52.

    Re: Stolperstein, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolperstein Anne Frank Museum. http://www.annefrank.org/.

  53. 53.

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  54. 54.

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  55. 55.

    The Telegraph. 9 May 2014. Sarajevo reopens historic city hall and library destroyed in war (Reuters)

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  56. 56.

    List of destroyed heritage

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage#Belgium.

    List of book-burning incidents

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents#National_Archives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_.282014.29.

  57. 57.

    Warsaw Uprising. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising.

  58. 58.

    Historic Centre of Warsaw

    http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30.

  59. 59.

    Regarding some major artistic achievements of civilization, their birth places, and what they represent and their messages, in contrast to the activities of the Nazis, ‘The Monuments Men’ (2014) war film was directed by George Clooney and based on the non-fiction book, The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History (2007) by Robert M. Edsel and Bret Witter. See: The True Story of the Monuments Men: Without the work of these curators and professors, tens of thousands of priceless works of art would have been lost to the world forever. By Jim Morrison. smithsonian.com. February 7, 2014https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-monuments-men-180949569/.

  60. 60.

    Manuscripts in Timbuktu

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents#National_Archives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_.282014.29.

  61. 61.

    Paris Peace Forum. https://parispeaceforum.org/.

  62. 62.

    International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. What Is a Site of Conscience? http://gulag.cz/novinky/stali-jsme-se-cleny-mezinarodni-koalice-mist-svedomi-sites-of-conscience/ICSC-Press-Kit.pdf.

    Sites of Conscience. George M. Anderson October 09, 2006. https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/586/article/sites-conscience.

    European Sites of Conscience Network. https://chwb.org/albania/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/08/Coalition_booklet_FINAL_LOW-RES.pdf.

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O’Reilly, G. (2020). Sustainable Development Versus Human-Made Atrocities—Never Again. In: O'Reilly, G. (eds) Places of Memory and Legacies in an Age of Insecurities and Globalization. Key Challenges in Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60982-5_6

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