Abstract
Concepts of region and place in geography—physical and human-made—are appraised here. UNESCO and World Heritage Sites (WHS) reinforced by the Council of Europe (CoE), EU and other governmental institutions promote heritage and culture as witnessed in their collaborations, including with NGOs. Work on regional geography and cultural landscape has a long tradition. Such research was often closely allied to work in regional and urban planning and especially so after 1945. With the post-modernist revolution as of the 1970s, there developed a more people-centred approach in Geography, especially regarding concepts of power, democratization and use of space ranging from old concepts of the Commons up to public parks and squares and Geoparks. Now with the aid of GIS, geoinformatics, social media devices, ordinary citizens participate in the discovery and creation of spaces. With globalization, concepts and policies promoted by the UN, including their filtering into World Bank and IMF programs, government and grass-root organizations, there is ever-growing awareness of the need for sustainable development as articulated in the UN SDGs that embraces human rights, good governance and citizenship, and prescriptions for not repeating past mistakes. Therefore, places of memory must include not only positive sites of remembrance to be celebrated, but also darker places such as sites of conscience—to serve as a reminder of the inherent dangers. Not only from hazards including technology as exemplified by the Chernobyl nuclear site disaster (1986), but especially political constructs as with extreme nationalism, dictatorial regimes and populism. In challenging negative legacies of the past typified by the World Wars, the EU construction project has been nurtured in Europe since the 1950s.
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Notes
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See: World Heritage—Criteria for Selection. https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/.
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See: World Heritage. The Criteria for Selection. https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/.
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UNESCO WHS, 2017 Natural sites. https://www.iucn.org/theme/world-heritage/natural-sites.
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UNESCO WHS, 2017 Natural sites. https://www.iucn.org/theme/world-heritage/natural-sites.
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UNESCO WHS Heritage of Mercury—Almadén and Idrija. https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Heritage+of+Mercury.
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UNESCO WHS Prehistoric Pile Dwellings. https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Prehistoric+Pile+Dwellings.
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UNESCO WHS Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards. https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Ste%C4%87ci+.
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UNESCO WHS The Wooden Tserkvas. https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Wooden+Tserkvas+of+the+Carpathian+Region.
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The Cultural Landscape Foundation. https://tclf.org/places/about-cultural-landscapes.
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Prominent geographers in the development of cultural landscape and historical geographical studies in Ireland include:
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Tom Jones Hughes. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00750778.2014.920230.
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Patrick Duffy. https://www.tcd.ie/tceh/iehn/profiles/duffyp.php
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Butzer (2009).
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Morin (2009).
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For information on landscape architecture see:
IFLA Europe: International Federation of Landscape Architects. http://iflaeurope.eu/about/.
IFLA works closely with: ECLAS—the European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools—and ELASA—the European Landscape Architecture Students' Association.
- 21.
List of UNESCO Geoparks (UGGP). http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco-global-geoparks/list-of-unesco-global-geoparks/.
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EC. Creative Europe. The European Heritage Label. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/heritage-label_en.
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Alhambra de Granada. Generalife. https://www.alhambradegranada.org/en/info/generalife/thegeneralife.asp.
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Wikipedia. Alexander Garden (Saint Petersburg). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Garden_(Saint_Petersburg).
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For a list of the most popular parks in Europe, see: The 17 Best City Parks in Europe https://www.pandotrip.com/city-parks-in-europe-32028/.
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Wikipedia. Prince's Park, Liverpool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Park,_Liverpool.
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Encyclopaedia Britannica. Central Park: PARK, NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, UNITED STATES. https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Park-New-York-City.
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Beyond the riot zone: Why Taksim Square matters to Turks. By Susannah Cullinane, CNN updated 7:27 AM EDT, Fri June 7, 2013. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/07/world/europe/turkey-taksim-square-symbol/index.html.
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O’Reilly, G. (2020). Cultural Landscape and Heritage Sites. In: O'Reilly, G. (eds) Places of Memory and Legacies in an Age of Insecurities and Globalization. Key Challenges in Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60982-5_5
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