Abstract
Identification of optimal sensor placement in wastewater/stormwater networks plays a crucial role in monitoring the network’s status. This study proposes and verifies a new approach based on the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System for delineating potential areas for placing sensors of the wastewater/stormwater networks. The coastal city of Ålesund (Norway) was selected as a case study. In this regard, a GIS database was constructed, which consists of eight criteria, altitude, rainfall, geology, manholes, population density, critical infrastructures, road network, and traffic load. Using the fuzzy AHP, weights for the eight criteria were computed, and then, suitability maps for placement of the sensor position were generated in a GIS environment. The results showed that manholes, altitude, and rainfall are sensitive factors for placing sensors in wastewater and stormwater pipe network. The suitability maps in this study may provide initial information for the placement of flood monitoring sensors in the wastewater/stormwater network.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the Norwegian Climate Service Center, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, the Weather Atlas, and the Mapping Authority for providing data for this research.
This research was funded by the Smart Water Project, Project number 90392200. The data analysis and write-up thesis were operated as a part of the first author’s Ph.D. studies at the Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
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Appendix
Appendix
Appendix a. Result of AHP Questionnaire of Experts
Expert 1.
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (1,2,3) | (4,5,6) | (1,2,3) | (3,4,5) | (6,7,8) |
C2 | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (5,6,7) | (1,2,3) | (9,9,9) | (4,5,6) | (7,8,9) | (7,8,9) |
C3 | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (3,4,5) |
C4 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) | (3,4,5) | (5,6,7) |
C5 | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/9,1/9,1/9) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) | (1,2,3) |
C6 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1,1,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) |
C7 | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) |
C8 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) |
Expert 2.
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) | (3,4,5) | (3,4,5) | (6,7,8) | (7,8,9) | (7,8,9) |
C2 | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (2,3,4) | (5,6,7) | (6,7,8) | (6,7,8) |
C3 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (7,8,9) | (4,5,6) | (6,7,8) | (2,3,4) |
C4 | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (1,1,1) | (4,5,6) |
C5 | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) |
C6 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) |
C7 | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) |
C8 | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) |
Expert 3.
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (2,3,4) | (4,5,6) | (3,4,5) | (4,5,6) | (6,7,8) |
C2 | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) | (1,2,3) | (5,6,7) | (6,7,8) |
C3 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (4,5,6) | (2,3,4) | (6,7,8) | (9,9,9) |
C4 | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1,1,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (4,5,6) | (2,3,4) |
C5 | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (2,3,4) | (1,1,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,2,3) | (3,4,5) |
C6 | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (1,1,1) | (2,3,4) | (5,6,7) |
C7 | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) |
C8 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/9,1/9,1/9) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) |
Expert 4.
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (1,2,3) | (1,1,1) | (4,5,6) | (6,7,8) | (6,7,8) | (6,7,8) |
C2 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) | (2,3,4) | (5,6,7) | (7,8,9) | (5,6,7) | (7,8,9) |
C3 | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (4,5,6) | (4,5,6) | (1,2,3) | (4,5,6) |
C4 | (1,1,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (2,3,4) | (1,2,3) | (7,8,9) |
C5 | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) |
C6 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1,1,1) | (1,1,1) | (3,4,5) | (2,3,4) |
C7 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/7,1/6,1/5) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) | (1/5,1/4,1/3) | (1,1,1) | (1,2,3) |
C8 | (1/8,1/7,1/6) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/6,1/5,1/4) | (1/9,1/8,1/7) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1/4,1/3,1/2) | (1/3,1/2,1) | (1,1,1) |
Appendix B. The Intermediate Values and Weights Calculated from Experts
Expert 1.
Criteria | l | m | u | A | w (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.14335 | 0.23676 | 0.36589 | 0.24867 | 23.3 |
C2 | 0.22791 | 0.33332 | 0.47815 | 0.34646 | 32.4 |
C3 | 0.06737 | 0.09844 | 0.14527 | 0.10369 | 9.7 |
C4 | 0.0851 | 0.14128 | 0.24383 | 0.15674 | 14.7 |
C5 | 0.03384 | 0.05814 | 0.09779 | 0.06326 | 5.9 |
C6 | 0.04078 | 0.06769 | 0.12055 | 0.07634 | 7.1 |
C7 | 0.0223 | 0.03608 | 0.06261 | 0.04033 | 3.8 |
C8 | 0.01822 | 0.02829 | 0.0512 | 0.03257 | 3.1 |
Expert 2.
Criteria | l | m | u | A | w (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.21212 | 0.33225 | 0.49516 | 0.34651 | 32.9 |
C2 | 0.14624 | 0.21187 | 0.30908 | 0.22239 | 21.2 |
C3 | 0.14286 | 0.2137 | 0.32629 | 0.22762 | 21.6 |
C4 | 0.04857 | 0.07196 | 0.10806 | 0.0762 | 7.2 |
C5 | 0.03795 | 0.04949 | 0.06773 | 0.05172 | 4.9 |
C6 | 0.02667 | 0.03773 | 0.0594 | 0.04127 | 3.9 |
C7 | 0.03282 | 0.04526 | 0.0621 | 0.04673 | 4.4 |
C8 | 0.02493 | 0.03773 | 0.05991 | 0.04086 | 3.9 |
Expert 3.
Criteria | l | m | u | A | w (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.16446 | 0.26107 | 0.39617 | 0.2739 | 25.6 |
C2 | 0.12396 | 0.20029 | 0.30287 | 0.20904 | 19.5 |
C3 | 0.15865 | 0.23627 | 0.36329 | 0.25274 | 23.6 |
C4 | 0.04685 | 0.07189 | 0.117 | 0.07858 | 7.3 |
C5 | 0.04513 | 0.07698 | 0.13802 | 0.08671 | 8.1 |
C6 | 0.05939 | 0.0968 | 0.16273 | 0.10631 | 10.0 |
C7 | 0.02104 | 0.03362 | 0.05689 | 0.03718 | 3.5 |
C8 | 0.01557 | 0.02309 | 0.03768 | 0.02545 | 2.4 |
Expert 4.
Criteria | l | m | u | A | w (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.16623 | 0.26849 | 0.40967 | 0.28146 | 26.2 |
C2 | 0.16506 | 0.26875 | 0.43848 | 0.29076 | 27.1 |
C3 | 0.09123 | 0.14924 | 0.25625 | 0.16557 | 15.4 |
C4 | 0.09578 | 0.14968 | 0.22969 | 0.15838 | 14.7 |
C5 | 0.02925 | 0.04363 | 0.06597 | 0.04628 | 4.3 |
C6 | 0.03517 | 0.05233 | 0.08018 | 0.05589 | 5.2 |
C7 | 0.02682 | 0.04301 | 0.07457 | 0.04814 | 4.5 |
C8 | 0.01623 | 0.02487 | 0.04323 | 0.02811 | 2.6 |
Appendix C. AHP Questionnaire Template
Circle one number per row below using the scale: | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 = Equal 3 = Moderate 5 = Strong 7 = Very strong 9 = Extremely strong | |||||||||||||||||||
1 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Rainfall (C2) |
2 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Geology (C3) |
3 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Slope (C4) |
4 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Population Density (C5) |
5 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) |
6 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
8 | DEM (C1) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
9 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Geology (C3) |
10 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Slope (C4) |
11 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Population Density (C5) |
12 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) |
13 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
15 | Rainfall (C2) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
16 | Geology (C3) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Slope (C4) |
17 | Geology (C3) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Population Density (C5) |
18 | Geology (C3) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) |
19 | Geology (C3) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
21 | Geology (C3) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
22 | Slope (C4) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Population Density (C5) |
23 | Slope (C4) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) |
24 | Slope (C4) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
26 | Slope (C4) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
27 | Population Density (C5) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) |
28 | Population Density (C5) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
30 | Population Density (C5) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
31 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Road Network (C7) |
33 | Critical Infrastructure (C6) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
34 | Road Network (C7) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Traffic Load (C8) |
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Van Nguyen, L., Bui, D.T., Seidu, R. (2021). Identification of Sensitive Factors for Placement of Flood Monitoring Sensors in Wastewater/Stormwater Network Using GIS-Based Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case of Study in Ålesund, Norway. In: Tien Bui, D., Tran, H.T., Bui, XN. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations for Sustainable and Responsible Mining. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 108. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60269-7_5
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