Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Agrodiversity in West Asia: Pepper

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia

  • 426 Accesses

Abstract

Surrounded by the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf, West Asia has various geographical features such as deserts, plateaus, valleys, plains, high plateaus, mountains, and hills. It has arid, semi-arid, and subtropical climates with an abundance of land and marine ecosystems abounding in thousands of plants and animals. Despite its rich biodiversity, water scarcity, drought, salinity, political disputes, and other factors affect its biodiversity very much. The plant diversity has started to decline tremendously during the last few decades. Most of the agricultural practices in particular the vegetables including pepper are carried out in valleys, open lands, and greenhouses fed by irrigation and rainwater. Capsicum annuum is commonly known as pepper is widely grown in most of the West Asian countries such as Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Armenia. In this chapter, we will evaluate the contribution of different cultivars of pepper in the food production, agriculture, and economy in these countries and efforts made by these countries to protect and increase biodiversity in agriculture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abak K, Pitrat M (1981) Biberlerde kök boğazı yanıklığı (Phytophthora capsici Leon.) hastalığına dayanıklılık üzerinde bir araştırma. AÜZF Yıllığı 29(2–3-4):943–947

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbaspour AC, Faramarzi M, Seyed Ghasemi S, Yang H (2009) Assessing the impact of climate change on water resources in Iran. Water Resour Res 45:W10434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abderrahman WA (2001) Water demand management in Saudi Arabia. Water Manag Islam 1(21):61

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdi MR, Rezaee-Ebrahim-Saraee K, Fard MR, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M (2015) Potential health concerns of trace elements and mineral content in commonly consumed greenhouse vegetables in Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 4:214

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akhalkatsi M, Otte A, Togonidze N et al (2017) Agrobiodiversity and genetic erosion of crop varieties and plant resources in the Central Great Caucasus. Ann Agrarian Sci 15(1):11–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhmedkhodjaeva N (2015) Drought in Syria. Culture 22:16–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Bakri AN, Lawati AA, Nadaf SK et al (2008) The state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Oman, Ministry of Agriculture, Oman. pp 4–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Akparov ZI, Entwistle A et al (2004) Century study on biodiversity of Republic of Azerbaijan – first national report to convention on biological diversity. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan

    Google Scholar 

  • Alnaser WE, Merzaa MK (2003) Profile of the climate change in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Environmetrics 14(8):761–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsadon A, Wahb-Allah M, Abdel-Razzak H, Ibrahim A (2013) Effects of pruning systems on growth, fruit yield and quality traits of three greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. Aust J Crop Sci 7(9):1309

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Snafi AE (2015) The pharmacological importance of Capsicum species (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens) grown in Iraq. J Pharm Biol 5(3):124–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozyığıt II, Keskin M et al (2013) An ecological study of endemic plant Polygonum istanbulicum Keskin. Pak J Bot 45:455–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Karahan F, Ozturk M et al (2016a) Molecular and ecological investigations on the wild populations of Glycyrrhiza L. taxa distributed in the East Mediterranean Area of Turkey. J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Gulyanar Ş, Ozyıgıt II (2016b) Autecology of Cephalaria taurica Szabó, a narrow endemic from Turkey: plant-soil interactions. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol (IOSR-JESTFT) 10(9):90–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Daloğlu MY, Ozturk M (2017) Edaphic relations of Cirsium cassium Davis & Parris (Asteracee), a local endemic from Hatay (Turkey). Anatolian J Bot 1(2):41–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson HA (2016) Chillies: a global history. Reaktion Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjarini S (2014) Syria: drinking water and war profiteers in Aleppo. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20189. Accessed on 10 Feb 2020

  • Anonymous (2014) Agricultural Statistics, Vol 1. 2012–2013 Cropping Seasons. Tehran, Iran, Ministry of Jihade-Agriculture (in Persian), p 156

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2016) Ministry of food, agriculture and livestock Mersin provincial directorate records (in Turkish). Mersin

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonious GF (2018) Chapter 2: Capsaicinoids and vitamins in hot pepper and their role in disease therapy. In: Capsaicin and its human therapeutic development. IntechOpen, London, pp 13–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslayan GG, Lokyan AB (2006) Research and development of the vegetable system in Armenia. In: Lokyan Kuo CG, Mavlyanova RF, Kalb TJ (eds) Increasing market-oriented vegetable production: in Central Asian and the Caucasus through collaborative research and development, vol 6, no. 679, AVRDC-World Vegetable Center, pp 15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Avetisyan SS (2010) Agriculture and food processing in Armenia. Limush Publishing House, Yerevan, 138 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri G, Zahedi B, Darvishzadeh R, Hajiali A (2017) Investigation on morphological and physiological variation of some sweet pepper ecotypes (Capsicum annuum L.). J Hortic Sci 31:140–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Balkaya A, Karaağac O (2006) Vegetable genetic resources of Turkey. J Veg Sci 11(4):81–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbero GF, Liazid A, Azaroual L et al (2016) Capsaicinoid contents in peppers and pepper-related spicy foods. Int J Food Prop 19:485–493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S et al (2016) Medicinal and food plants of Svaneti and Lechkhumi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Med Aromat Plants 5(266):2167–0412

    Google Scholar 

  • CBD (2015) State of Palestine fifth national report (CBD) to the convention on biological diversity

    Google Scholar 

  • CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2014) 5th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, National Environment Management Authority, Kampala-Uganda. https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/om/om-nr-05-en.pdf. Accessed 25 Feb 2020

  • Chemonics International Inc (2000) Biodiversity assessment for Armenia. Task order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR). Washington, DC, February 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • De Châtel F (2014) The role of drought and climate change in the Syrian uprising: untangling the triggers of the revolution. Middle East Stud 50(4):521–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Della A (1999) Conserving plant genetic resources in Cyprus. In: Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 231–234

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Desbiez C, Verdin E, Moury B et al (2019) Prevalence and molecular diversity of the main viruses infecting cucurbit and solanaceous crops in Azerbaijan. Eur J Plant Pathol 153(2):359–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dombrovsky A, Glanz E, Pearlsman M et al (2010) Characterization of pepper yellow leaf curl virus, a tentative new Polerovirus species causing a yellowing disease of pepper. Phytoparasitica 38(5):477–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elazazi EM, Al-Kuwari SD (2016) The Role of gene banks to preservation plant genetic resources for combat food in security in Qatar. In: Qatar foundation annual research conference proceedings, vol 2016, no. 1, p EEPP2250, Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallik E (2015) Postharvest practices of peppers in Israel. 15 years of Research. https://issuu.com/horticulturaposcosecha/docs/141021pepper_postharvest_c7d3229b1056d4. Accessed on 05 Feb 2020

  • Fallik E, Alkalai-Tuvia S, Parselan Y et al (2008) Can colored shade nets maintain sweet pepper quality during storage and marketing?. In: Proceedings of the IV Balkan symposium on vegetables and potatoes, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 9–12 September 2008, pp 37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallik E, Alkalai-Tuvia S, Chalupowicz D et al (2019) How water quality and quantity affect pepper yield and postharvest quality. Horticulturae 5(1):4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2006) Country report on the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. National report on the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Azerbaijan. Baku

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2007) Iraq: country report to the FAO international technical conference on plant genetic resources. In: Abdul S, Baghdad WA-S (eds) Focal point for country report to the FAO, International Technical Conference On Plant Genetic Resources, October 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2008) National report on the state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in Georgia. Georgian report on State of PGR Sep 29, Georgia. Accessed 21 Feb 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2018) Biodiversity of Turkey. Contribution of genetic resources to sustainable agriculture and food Systems. Ankara, 222 p

    Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2012). http://faostat.fao.org. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed 10 Feb 2020

  • FAOSTAT (2013). http://www.fao.org. Accessed 10 Feb 2020

  • FAOSTAT data (2018) Countries by commodity. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity. Accessed 22 Feb 2020

  • Frary A, Keceli MA, Ökmen B et al (2008) Water-soluble antioxidant potential of Turkish pepper cultivars. HortScience 43(3):631–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer J, Luedeling E, Hammer K et al (2007) Mountain oases in northern Oman: an environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Genet Resour Crop Evol 54(3):465–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubben GJH, Denton OA (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen Netherlands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands/CTA, Wageningen Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed M, Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M et al (2019) Plant genetic resources of major and minor crops: origin, sustainable use and, conversation. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR, Ashraf M, Ahmad MSA (eds) Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation: physiological and molecular advances. CRC Press, Florida, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain N, Al-Wahaibi NS, Habsi SSA, Al-Bakri A (2006) Hydro-economical localization of Oman agriculture. In: Proceedings of the international conference on economic incentives and demand management, 8–22 March 2006, Muscat, Oman, pp 18–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignat T (2012) Non-destructive methods for determination of quality attributes of bell peppers. PhD thesis, Department of Physics-Control, Faculty of Food Science, Corvinus University of Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Imas P (1999) Recent techniques in fertigation of horticultural crops in Israel. In: Workshop on recent trends in nutrition management horticultural crops. Dapoli, Maharashtra, pp 11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi NC, Ratner K, Eidelman O et al (2019) Effects of daytime intra-canopy LED illumination on photosynthesis and productivity of bell pepper grown in protected cultivation. Sci Hortic 250:81–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kafi M, Kamili AN, Husaini AM et al (2018) Chapter 4: An expensive spice – Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) – case study from Kashmir, Iran and Turkey. In: Munir Ozturk et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops, Cham Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, p 109–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamran A, Lotos L, Amer MA et al (2018) Characterization of Pepper leafroll chlorosis virus, a new polerovirus causing yellowing disease of bell pepper in Saudi Arabia. Plant Dis 102(2):318–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury C, Laliberté B, Guarino L (2010) Trends in ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources: a review of global crop and regional conservation strategies. Genet Resour Crop Evol 57(4):625–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Küçük SA (2003) Solanaceae genetic resources activities in Turkey. In compilers. Solanaceae genetic resources in Europe. Report of two meetings-21 September 2001, Nijmegen, The Netherlands/22 May 2003, Skierniewice, Poland. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, vol 472, pp 39

    Google Scholar 

  • Leipzig (1996) PIALES (The Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental Studies). Palestine: Country report to the FAO international technical conference on plant genetic resources

    Google Scholar 

  • Letchamo W, Ozturk M, Altay V et al (2018) Chapter 2: A alternative potential natural genetic resource: Seabuckthorn [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (syn.: Hippophae rhamnoides)]. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, p 25–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin SW, Chou Y, Shieh HC et al (2013) Pepper (Capsicum spp.) germplasm dissemination by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center: an overview and introspection. Chron Hortic 53(3):21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Machlab H (2001) Focus on seed programs. The Lebanon Seed Industry, Aleppo

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture (1997) Agriculture of Iran: a brief look. Under-secretariat of planning and budget. Center for Agricultural Planning and Economic Studies, Iran, p 94

    Google Scholar 

  • MOA (2017) Annual report of fruits and vegetable exports. Ministry of Agriculture, Amman, p 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Moitra CA (2010) The Arabian nights cookbook: from lamb kebabs to baba ghanouj, delicious homestyle Arabian cooking. Tuttle/Publishers Group UK, Clarendon/Enfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Mourad KA, Berndtsson R (2012) Analysis of agricultural production in Syria from a virtual water flow perspective. J Agric Sci Appl 1(3):60–66

    Google Scholar 

  • MWI (2016) Water sector capital investment plan 2016–2025. Ministry of water and irrigation, Amman

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhan G (2010) Drought drives Middle Eastern pepper farmers out of business, threatens prized heirloom Chiles. Climate change and food culture. Grist. http://grist.org/food/2010-01-15drought-drives-middle-eastern-peppers/. Accessed on 15 May 2015

  • Osdaghi E, Taghavi SM, Hamzehzarghani H, Lamichhane JR (2016) Occurrence and characterization of the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria on Pepper in Iran. J Phytopathol 164(10):722–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Aksoy A (2012a) Aegean Grasslands as endangered ecosystems in Turkey. Pak J Bot 44:7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gucel S, Altay V, Altundağ E (2012b) Alliums, an underutilized genetic resource in the East Mediterranean. Proceedings of 6th IS on Edible Alliaceae. Acta Horticulturae, 969 (ISHS 2012), pp 303–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Guvensen A, Gucel S, Altay V (2013) An overview of the atmospheric pollen in Turkey and the Northern Cyprus. Pak J Bot 45:191–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Guvensen A (2014) Halophytes in the East Mediterranean-their medicinal and other economical values. In: Sabkha ecosystems: volume IV: cash crop halophyte and biodiversity conservation tasks for vegetation science, vol 47. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp 247–272

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Aksoy A (2016) Ecology of some endangered endemic plant taxa of Turkiye in relation to climate change. Conservation and Sustainable use of genefund of plant world in Eurasia at the present stage - International Scientific conference within “Day of Kazakhstan”, at EXPO 2016, Antalya-Turkey, pp 12–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Saba N, Altay V et al (2017a) Biomass and bioenergy: an overview of the development potential in Turkey and Malaysia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 79:1285–1302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E (2017b) Liquorice from botany to phytochemistry. Springer briefs in plant science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018a) Chapter 9: A comparative analysis of the medicinal pteridophytes in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, pp 349–390

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018b) Chapter 11: A comparative analysis of the medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus in the traditional medicine in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, pp 409–461

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018c) Chapter 16: Potential medicinal plants used in the hypertension in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, pp 595–618

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gökler I, Altay V (2018d) Chapter 8: Medicinal bryophytes distributed in Turkey. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, pp 323–348

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altundağ E, Ibadullayeva SJ, Altay V, Aslanıpour B (2018e) A comparative analysis of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the traditional medicine of Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). Pak J Bot 50(1):337–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Altundağ E, Ibadullayeva SJ, Aslanipour B, Gönenç TM (2018f) Chapter 6: Herbals in Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer, Cham, pp 197–266

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Orçen N et al (2018g) Chapter 3: A little known and a little consumed natural resource: Salicornia. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham p 83–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gucel S, Altay V et al (2019a) Clustering of halophytic species from Cyprus based on ionic contents, biochemical attributes and micro-nutrients. Phyton Int J Exp Bot 88(1):63–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Guvensen A (2019b) Chapter 11: Sustainable use of halophytic taxa as food and fodder – an important genetic resource in Southwest Asia. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Öztürk M (eds) Ecophysiology, abiotic stress responses and utilization of halophytes. Springer, Singapore, pp 235–257

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Kucuk M et al (2020) Preservation and ecology of a living relict shrub in South Caucasus as a eco-genetic heritage from Tertiary: Epigaea gaultherioides (Boiss. & Bal.) Takht. J Environ Biol 41:279–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsa A (1959) Medicinal plants and drugs of plant origin in Iran II. Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles 6(1):69–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penella C, Calatayud A (2018) Chapter 7: Pepper crop under climate change: grafting as an environmental friendly strategy. In: Shanker A, Shanker C, Srinivasarao C (eds) Climate resilient agriculture: strategies and perspectives. BoD-Books on Demand, pp 129–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Rameshwaran P, Tepe A, Yazar A, Ragab R (2015) The effect of saline irrigation water on the yield of pepper: experimental and modelling study. Irrig Drain 64:41–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy PP (2010) Fungal diseases and their management in horticultural crops. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruijs M (2017) Value chain analysis of (greenhouse) vegetables in Lebanon. Strengthening Lebanese water and agriculture sector component 5: adaptive greenhouse; Work package. Wageningen Economic Research Wageningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadikhova L (2006) Research and development of the vegetable system in Azerbaijan. In: Lokyan Kuo CG, Mavlyanova RF, Kalb TJ (eds) Increasing market-oriented vegetable production: in Central Asian and the Caucasus through collaborative research and development, Vol. 6, No. 679, AVRDC-World Vegetable Center, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, p 25–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Saralidze A, Kakabadze N, Nozadze L et al (2006) Research and development of the vegetable system in Georgia. In: Lokyan Kuo CG, Mavlyanova RF, Kalb TJ (eds) Increasing market-oriented vegetable production: in central Asian and the Caucasus through collaborative research and development, Vol. 6, No. 679, AVRDC-World Vegetable Center, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, p 43–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarikyan K (2003) Solanaceae genetic resources in Europe. Solanaceae genetic resources in Armenia. In: Daunay MC, Maggioni L, Lipman E (eds) Solanaceae genetic resources in Europe. Report of two meetings – 21 September 2001, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 22 May 2003, Skierniewice, Poland. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 10–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Shammout MAW, Qtaishat T, Rawabdeh H, Shatanawi M (2018) Improving water use efficiency under deficit ırrigation in the Jordan Valley. Sustainability 10(11):4317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sokhansanj Y, Rakhshandehroo F, Pourrahim R (2012) First report of Tomato ringspot virus infecting pepper in Iran. Plant Dis 96(12):1828–1828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan A (1998) Current status of plant genetic resources conservation in Turkey. In: Zencirci N, Kaya Z, Anikster Y, Adams WT (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on in situ conservation of plant genetic diversity, 4–8 November 1996, Antalya, Turkey. Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, pp 5–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Tradings Economics (2016) Ethiopia exports to Saudi Arabia of pepper, genus piper, genus capsicum or Pimenta. https://tradingeconomics.com/ethiopia/exports/saudarabia/pepper-genus-piper-genus-capsicum-pimenta. Accessed 05 Feb 2020

  • Tradings Economics (2018) Bahrain imports from Vietnam of pepper, genus piper, genus capsicum or Pimenta. https://tradingeconomics.com/bahrain/imports/vietnam/pepper-genus-piper-genus-capsicum-pimenta. Accessed 05 Feb 2020

  • TUIK (2017) https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Accessed on 05 Feb 2020

  • Tüzel Y, Öztekin GB (2018) Protected cultivation in Turkey. XXX. International Horticultural Congress. 12–16 August 2018, İstanbul, Turkey

    Google Scholar 

  • UİB (2017) Uludağ İhracatçı Birlikleri Genel Sekreterliği, ARGE, Biber Raporu. http://www.uib.org.tr/tr/kbfile/biber-raporu-2017. Accessed 20 Jan 2020

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Program) (2009) Climate change adaptation strategy for the occupied Palestinian territory. Principal Consultant: Dr Michael Mason (London School of Economics and Political Science, UK)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2010) State of biodiversity in West Asia. http://www.unep.org/delc/portals/119/Stateofbiodiv-westasia.pdf. Accessed on 05 Jan 2020

  • UNEP-WCMC (The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre) (2016) The state of biodiversity in West Asia: A mid-term review of progress towards the Aichi biodiversity targets. Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • URL-1. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 20 Jan 2020

  • URL-2. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b8700a513b8761450e18d81/Yas_Meyve_ve_Sebze.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2020

  • URL-3 Tonnemaker’s 2018 pepper varieties. https://docplayer.net/88823725-Tonnemaker-s-2018-pepper-varieties.html. Accessed 05 Feb 2020

  • URL-4 Peppers remain the star product of Israel’s horticultural business in 2007/2008. https://www.agrisupportonline.com/Articles/gworing_pepper_in_israel.htm. Accessed 05 Feb 2020

  • URL-5. https://www.infodriveindia.com/india-export-data/black-pepper-export/fc-qatar-report.aspx. Accessed 05 Jan 2020

  • Üstün AS (1990) Biberlerde kök boğazı yanıklığı (Phyhophtora capsici Leon.) hastalığına dayanıklılığın nedenlerinin fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak incelenmesi. PhD thesis, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzun I, Bayır A (2009) Horticultural biodiversity in Turkey. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 66(2):536–543

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahyuni Y (2014) Breeding for pepper fruit quality: a genitical metabolomics approach. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasour H, Tamir G, Stein A et al (2017) Does water salinity affect pepper plant response to nitrogen fertigation? Agric Water Manag 191:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Younessi-Hamzekhanlu M, Ozturk M, Altay V et al (2020) Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants from Khoy city of West Azerbaijan-Iran. Indian J Tradit Knowl 19(2):251–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Zekri S, Al Said FA, Khan IA (2007) Profitability analysis of selected farms in the Batinah region of Oman. J Agric Mar Sci 12:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Esra Koç & Belgizar Karayiğit

Authors
  1. Esra Koç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Belgizar Karayiğit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Esra Koç .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany & Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Biology Department, Faculty of Science & Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

    Volkan Altay

  3. Department of Geography, Balikesir University, Istanbul, Balikesir, Turkey

    Recep Efe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Koç, E., Karayiğit, B. (2021). Agrodiversity in West Asia: Pepper. In: Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Efe, R. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59928-7_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation