Chapter Overview and Statement of Objectives
Substance use varies significantly between and within communities. Substance use disorders (SUDs) have received a great amount of attention in the literature, although harmful or disordered use of substances occurs far less frequently in the general population. Globally, most community members do not engage in substance misuse/abuse and surprisingly, less is known about communities with substance use safety, in addition to understanding that some communities engage in safer substance-using practices than others. This chapter defines the community qualities and practices associated with safer substance use for sustainable community health. First, we briefly review the history of community safety-oriented approaches to background our discussion on current and emerging community substance use safety approaches. Next, we discuss the leading evidence-based community substance use safety approaches including community substance use literacy; harm minimization or reduction; in addition to caring communities and family strengthening. We then consider the influences of culture, health policies, and legislation for sustainable community substance use and the disciplines relevant to community substance use interventions. Finally, we conclude with a brief review of the research and practice initiatives aimed to support community substance use safety.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adkins, N. R., & Corus, C. (2009). Health literacy for improved health outcomes: Effective capital in the marketplace. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43(2), 199+.
Aguirre-Molina, M., & Gorman, D. M. (1996). Community-based approaches for the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Annual Review of Public Health, 17(1), 337–358.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2016). Opioid addiction 2016 facts and figure. Retrieved from: https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addiction-disease-facts-figures.pdf
Arnold, H. (2016). The prison officer. In H. Arnold (Ed.), Handbook on prisons. London, UK: Routledge.
Baez, H., Castro, M. M., Benavente, M. A., Kintz, P., Cirimele, V., Camargo, C., & Thomas, C. (2000). Drugs in prehistory: Chemical analysis of ancient human hair. Forensic Science International, 108(3), 173–179.
Bambra, C., Sowden, A., Wright, K., Gibson, M., Whitehead, M., & Petticrew, M. (2010). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: Evidence from systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 64(4), 284.
Banthin, J. (2013). Understanding CBO’s Medicaid coverage projections under the Affordable Care Act. In Presentation to academy Health annual research meeting, Baltimore, MD.
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., & Lowey, H. (2002). Healthy nightclubs and recreational substance use: From a harm minimisation to a healthy settings approach. Addictive Behaviors, 27(6), 1025–1036.
Benotsch, E. G., Koester, S., Luckman, D., Martin, A. M., & Cejka, A. (2011). Non-medical use of prescription drugs and sexual risk behavior in young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 36(1–2), 152–156.
Beronio, K., Glied, S., & Frank, R. (2014). How the affordable care act and mental Health parity and addiction equity act greatly expand coverage of behavioral health care. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 41, 410–428.
Blocker, J. (2006). Did prohibition really work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 233–243.
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Peterson, A. E., Jones, A. M., & Williams, J. (2014). Long-term sustainability of evidence-based practices in community mental health agencies. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 41(2), 228–236.
Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L., Tortu, S., & Botvin, E. M. (1990). Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavioral approach: Results of a 3-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 437.
Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Renick, N. L., Filazzola, A. D., & Botvin, E. M. (1984). A cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 9(2), 137–147.
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Diaz, T., & Ifill-Williams, M. (2001a). Drug abuse prevention among minority adolescents: Posttest and one-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention. Prevention Science, 2(1), 1–13.
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Diaz, T., & Ifill-Williams, M. (2001b). Preventing binge drinking during early adolescence: One-and two-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(4), 360.
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Diaz, T., Scheier, L. M., Williams, C., & Epstein, J. A. (2000). Preventing illicit drug use in adolescents: Long-term follow-up data from a randomized control trial of a school population. Addictive Behaviors, 25(5), 769–774.
Buchmueller, T. C., Levinson, Z. M., Levy, H. G., & Wolfe, B. L. (2016). Effect of the affordable care act on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage. American Journal of Public Health, 106(8), 1416–1421.
Buck, J. A. (2011). The looming expansion and transformation of public substance abuse treatment under the Affordable Care Act. Health Affairs, 30(8), 1402–1410.
Bull, M., Denham, G., Trevaskes, S., & Coomber, R. (2016). From punishment to pragmatism: Sharing the burden of reducing drug-related harm. Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, 4(2), 300–316.
Butterfoss, F. D., Goodman, R. M., & Wandersman, A. (1993). Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion. Health Education Research, 8(3), 315–330.
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2008). Harm reduction: An approach to reducing risky health behaviours in adolescents. Paediatrics & Child Health, 13(1), 53–60.
Chandler, R., Fletcher, B., & Volkow, N. (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 183–190.
Chomynova, P., Miller, P., & Beck, F. (2009). Perceived risks of alcohol and illicit drugs: Relation to prevalence of use on individual and country level. Journal of Substance Use, 14(3–4), 250–264.
Climate Schools. (2020). Climate schools online prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.climateschools.com.au/
Congressional Budget Office. (n.d.). Insurance coverage provisions of the Affordable Care Act. CBOS March 2015 baseline.
Costanza, R., Daly, L., Fioramonti, L., Giovannini, E., Kubiszewski, I., Mortensen, L. F., … Wilkinson, R. (2016). Modelling and measuring sustainable wellbeing in connection with the UN sustainable development goals. Ecological Economics, 130, 350–356.
Crowley, D. M., Jones, D. E., Coffman, D. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (2014). Can we build an efficient response to the prescription drug abuse epidemic? Assessing the cost effectiveness of universal prevention in the PROSPER trial. Preventive Medicine, 62, 71–77.
Degan, T. J., Kelly, P. J., Robinson, L. D., & Deane, F. P. (2019). Health literacy in substance use disorder treatment: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 96, 46–52.
Dermota, P., Wang, J., Dey, M., Gmel, G., Studer, J., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2013). Health literacy and substance use in young Swiss men. International Journal of Public Health, 58(6), 939–948.
Dimeo, P. (2008). A history of drug use in sport: 1876–1976: Beyond good and evil. London, UK: Routledge.
Dolan, K., Kimber, J., Fry, C., & Fitzgerald, J. (2000). Drug consumption facilities in Europe and the establishment of supervised injecting centres in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(3), 337.
Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Clark, R. E., Teague, G. B., Xie, H., Miles, K., & Ackerson, T. H. (1998). Assertive community treatment for patients with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder: A clinical trial. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(2), 201–215.
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27(5), 713–725.
Dube, S. R., Felitti, V., Dong, M., Chapman, D., Giles, W., & Anda, R. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use. The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111, 564–572.
Durrant, R., & Thakker, J. (2003). Substance use and abuse: Cultural and historical perspectives. Oakland, CA: Sage.
Dusenbury, L., Brannigan, R., Falco, M., & Hansen, W. (2003). A review of research on fidelity of implementation: Implications for drug abuse prevention in school settings. Health Education Research, 18, 237–256.
Education and Training. (2020). Drug education. Retrieved from https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/physed/Pages/drugeducation.aspx
Esch, P., Bocquet, V., Pull, C., Couffignal, S., Lehnert, T., Graas, M., … Ansseau, M. (2014). The downward spiral of mental disorders and educational attainment: A systematic review on early school leaving. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 237.
Falck, R. S., Wang, J., Carlson, R. G., Krishnan, L. L., Leukefeld, C., & Booth, B. M. (2007). Perceived need for substance abuse treatment among illicit stimulant drug users in rural areas of Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 91(2–3), 107–114.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
Fineberg, H. V. (2012). A successful and sustainable health system—How to get there from here. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(11), 1020–1027.
Foxcroft, D., Ireland, D., Lowe, G., & Breen, R. (2002). Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003024
Foxcroft, D. R., Ireland, D., Lister-Sharp, D. J., Lowe, G., & Breen, R. (2003). Longer-term primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people: A systematic review. Addiction, 98(4), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00356.x
Gale, J. A., Hansen, A. Y., & Williamson, M. E. (2017). Rural opioid prevention and treatment strategies: The experience in four states. Portland, ME: Maine Rural Health Research Center.
Ghodse, H., Herrman, H., Maj, M., & Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2011). Substance abuse disorders: Evidence and experience. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Glasgow, R. E., & Chambers, D. (2012). Developing robust, sustainable, implementation systems using rigorous, rapid and relevant science. Clinical and Translational Science, 5(1), 48–56.
Griffin, K., & Botvin, G. (2010). Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 505–526.
Groves, A. (2018). ‘Worth the test?’ pragmatism, pill testing and drug policy in Australia. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 12.
Gureje, O., Vazquez-Barquero, L., & Janca, A. (1996). Comparisons of alcohol and other drugs: Experience from the WHO collaborative cross-cultural applicability research study. Addiction, 91, 1529–1538.
Hall, W., Babor, T., Edwards, G., Laranjeira, R., Marsden, J., Miller, P., … West, R. (2012). Compulsory detention, forced detoxification and enforced labour are not ethically acceptable or effective ways to treat addiction. Addiction, 107, 1891–1893.
Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Early effects of communities that care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 15–22.
Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F., Jr. (1992). Communities that care: Action for drug abuse prevention. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hawkins, J. D., Van Horn, M., & Arthur, M. (2004). Community variation in risk and protective factors and substance use outcomes. Prevention Science, 4, 213–220.
Heitzeg, N. A. (2009). Education or incarceration: Zero tolerance policies and the school to prison pipeline. In Forum on public policy online (Vol. 2009, No. 2). Urbana, IL: Oxford Round Table.
Henninger, A., & Sung, H. (2014). History of substance abuse treatment. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. New York, NY: Springer.
Hughes, C., & Hughes, C. (2007). Evidence based policy or policy based evidence? The role of evidence in the development and implementation of the illicit drug diversion initiative. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26, 363–368.
Hughes, C., & Stevens, A. (2007). The effects of decriminalization of drug use in Portugal. London, UK: The Beckly Foundation Drug Policy Programme.
Inaba, D., & Cohen, W. (2011). Uppers, downers, all arounders: Physical and mental effects of psychoactive drugs. Medford, OR: CNS.
Islam, M. M., Stern, T., Conigrave, K. M., & Wodak, A. (2008). Client satisfaction and risk behaviors of the users of syringe dispensing machines: A pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(1), 13–19.
Islam, M. M., Topp, L., Iversen, J., Day, C., Conigrave, C., & Maher, L. (2013). Healthcare utilization and disclosure of injecting drug use among clients of Australia’s needle and syringe programs. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 37, 148–154.
Kanouse, A. B., & Compton, P. (2015). The epidemic of prescription opioid abuse, the subsequent rising prevalence of heroin use, and the federal response. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 29(2), 102–114.
Khantzian, E. J. (1999). Treating addiction as a human process. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Kumpfer, K. L., Molgaard, V., & Spoth, R. (1996). The strengthening families program for the prevention of delinquency and drug use. In R. D. Peters & R. J. McMahon (Eds.), Preventing childhood disorders, substance abuse, and delinquency (3rd ed., pp. 241–267).
Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., … Medina-Mora, M. E. (2018). Social determinants of mental disorders and the sustainable development goals: A systematic review of reviews. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(4), 357–369.
Mann, R. D. (1984). Modern drug use: An enquiry on historical principles. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Mitchell, O., & Caudy, M. (2015). Examining racial disparities in drug arrests. Justice Quarterly, 32, 288–313.
Moos, R. H. (2008). Active ingredients of substance use–focused self-help groups. Addiction, 103, 387–396.
Myers, B., Kline, T. L., Doherty, I. A., Carney, T., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2014). Perceived need for substance use treatment among young women from disadvantaged communities in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 100.
Najavits, L. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
National Institute of Health. (2015). News releases. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/10-percent-us-adults-have-drug-use-disorder-some-point-their-lives
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Trends and statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). The science of drug use and addiction: The basics. Retrieved from: https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/sma11-4648.pdf
Nicholson, T., Duncan, D. F., & White, J. B. (2002). Is recreational drug use normal? Journal of Substance Use, 7(3), 116–123.
North Richmond Community Health Wulempuri – Kertheba. (2017). Medically supervised injecting room. Retrieved from: https://nrch.com.au/services/medically-supervised-injecting-room/
NSW Health Organizations. (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/annualreport/Publications/2017/nsw-health-organisations.pdf
O’Sullivan, D., Watts, J., Xiao, Y., & Bates-Maves, J. (2015). Refusal self-efficacy among SMART recovery members by affiliation length and meeting frequency. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling, 37, 87–101.
Oesterle, S., Kuklinski, M. R., Hawkins, J. D., Skinner, M. L., Guttmannova, K., & Rhew, I. C. (2018). Long-term effects of the communities that care trial on substance use, antisocial behavior, and violence through age 21 years. American Journal of Public Health, 108(5), 659–666.
Osborn, C., Paasche-Orlow, M., Bailey, S., & Wolf, M. (2011). The mechanisms linking health literacy to behavior and health status. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35, 118–128.
Palombi, L., Olivarez, M., Bennett, L., & Hawthorne, A. N. (2019). Community forums to address the opioid crisis: An effective grassroots approach to rural community engagement. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 13, 1–7.
Parsche, F., Balabanova, S., & Pirsig, W. (1993). Drugs in ancient populations. The Lancet, 341(8843), 503.
Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., … Herrman, H. (2018). The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553–1598.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C. § 18001 et seq. (2010). Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, H.R. 6983 (2008).
Penzenstadler, L., Machado, A., Thorens, G., Zullino, D., & Khazaal, Y. (2017). Effect of case management interventions for patients with substance use disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 51.
Penzenstadler, L., Soares, C., Anci, E., Molodynski, A., & Khazaal, Y. (2019). Effect of assertive community treatment for patients with substance use disorder: A systematic review. European Addiction Research, 25(2), 56–67.
Piontek, D., Kraus, L., Bjarnason, T., Demetrovics, Z., & Ramstedt, M. (2013). Individual and country-level effects of cannabis-related perceptions on cannabis use. A multilevel study among adolescents in 32 European countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 473–479.
Positive Choices. (2020). Drug and alcohol information. Retrieved from https://positivechoices.org.au/
Proctor, E., Luke, D., Calhoun, A., McMillen, C., Brownson, R., McCrary, S., & Padek, M. (2015). Sustainability of evidence-based healthcare: Research agenda, methodological advances, and infrastructure support. Implementation Science, 10(1), 88.
Pushpakom, S., Iorio, F., Eyers, P. A., Escott, K. J., Hopper, S., Wells, A., … Pirmohamed, M. (2019). Drug repurposing: Progress, challenges and recommendations. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 18(1), 41+.
Rahim, Y. (2005). Safe community in different settings. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 12(2), 105–112.
Read, J. P., Wood, M. D., Davidoff, O. J., McLacken, J., & Campbell, J. F. (2002). Making the transition from high school to college: The role of alcohol-related social influence factors in students’ drinking. Substance Abuse, 23(1), 53–66.
Resiak, D., Mpofu, E., & Athanasou, J. (2016). Drug treatment policy in the criminal justice system: A scoping literature review. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1), 3–13.
Rowlands, G., Protheroe, J., Winkley, J., Richardson, M., Seed, P., & Rudd, R. (2015). A mismatch between population health literacy and the complexity of health information: An observational study. British Journal of General Practice, 65, 379–386.
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Mason, C., & Haro, J. M. (2015). The association between social relationships and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 53–66.
Scully, J. (2004). What is a disease? European Molecular Biology Organization, 5, 650–653.
Sdrulla, A., & Chen, G. (2015). A multidisciplinary approach to the management of substance abuse. In A. Kaye, N. Vadivelu, & R. Urman (Eds.), Substance abuse: Inpatient and outpatient management for every clinician. New York, NY: Springer.
Shelton, R. C., Cooper, B. R., & Stirman, S. W. (2018). The sustainability of evidence-based interventions and practices in public health and health care. Annual Review of Public Health, 39, 55–76.
Shepherd, J. (2014). Combating the prescription painkiller epidemic: A national prescription drug reporting program. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 40(1), 85–112.
Shorthouse, J. (2017). Oxford dictionary of anesthesia. Oxford, UK: Oxford university press.
Singh, R., & Pushkin, G. (2019). How should medical education better prepare physicians for opioid prescribing? AMA Journal of Ethics, 21, 636–641.
Single, E. (1995). Defining harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 14, 287–290.
Smalley, K. B., Warren, J. C., & Klibert, J. (2012). Health risk behaviors in insured and uninsured community health center patients in the rural US south. Rural and Remote Health, 12, 2123.
Solomon, P. (2004). Peer support/peer provided services underlying processes, benefits, and critical ingredients. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27, 392–401.
Sommers, B. D., Blendon, R. J., & Orav, E. J. (2016). Both the ‘private option’ and traditional Medicaid expansions improved access to care for low-income adults. Health Affairs, 35(1), 96–106.
Spinks, A., Turner, C., Nixon, J., & McClure, R. (2005). The ‘WHO safe communities’ model for the prevention of injury in whole populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 18(2), CD004445.
Spoth, R. L., Clair, S., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2006). Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(9), 876–882.
Spoth, R. L., Randall, G. K., Trudeau, L., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2008). Substance use outcomes 5½ years past baseline for partnership-based, family-school preventive interventions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(1–2), 57–68.
Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: Adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 627.
Stirman, S. W., Kimberly, J., Cook, N., Calloway, A., Castro, F., & Charns, M. (2012). The sustainability of new programs and innovations: A review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future research. Implementation Science, 7(1), 17.
Stockwell, T. R., Heale, P., Chikritzhs, T. N., Dietze, P., & Catalano, P. (2002). How much alcohol is drunk in Australia in excess of the new Australian alcohol guidelines? The Medical Journal of Australia, 176(2), 91–92.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings (NSDUH Series H-46, HHS publication No. [SMA] 13-4795). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/ default/files/NSDUHresults2012/NSDUHresults2012.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). A window into addiction treatment and primary care integration. Retrieved from: https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/about-us/esolutions-newsletter/integrating-substance-abuse-and-primary-care-services
Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Trends in substance use disorders among adults aged 18 or older. Retrieved from: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2790/ShortReport-2790.html
Svanström, L. (2012). It all started in Falköping, Sweden: Safe communities–global thinking and local action for safety. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 19(3), 202–208.
Teesson, M., Newton, N. C., & Barrett, E. L. (2012). Australian school-based prevention programs for alcohol and other drugs: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 6, 731–736.
Treloar, C., McLeod, R., Yates, K., & Mao, L. (2014). What’s the cost of finding the right fit? The cost of conducting NSP business in a range of modalities. Contemporary Drug Problems, 41(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091404100103
Truong, K. D., & Ma, S. (2006). A systematic review of relations between neighborhoods and mental health. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 9(3), 137–154.
Tsui, M. S. (2000). The harm reduction approach revisited: An international perspective. International Social Work, 43(2), 243–251.
Tu, W. M., Yan, M., Li, Q., & Watts, J. (2019). Attitudes toward disabilities among students in college settings: A multidimensional scaling analysis with biplot. The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling, 25, 79–96.
United Nations Development Program. (2014). Human development report 2014: Sustaining human progress reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. Retrieved from: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Blending perspectives and building common ground. The spectrum of substance use, abuse, and addiction. Retrieved from: https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/blending-perspectives-and-building-common-ground/spectrum-substance-use-abuse-and-addiction
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). What is the U.S. opioid epidemic? Retrieved from: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/index.html
Vanderplasschen, W., Rapp, R. C., De Maeyer, J., & Van Den Noortgate, W. (2019). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of case management for substance use disorders: A recovery perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 186.
Wainberg, M. L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J. M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J. J., Johnson, K. A., … Arbuckle, M. R. (2017). Challenges and opportunities in global mental health: A research-to-practice perspective. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(5), 28.
Waite, R., & Ryan, R. A. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences: What students and Health professionals need to know. London, UK: Routledge.
Weitzman, E. R., Folkman, A., Folkman, M. P., & Wechsler, H. (2003). The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Health & Place, 9(1), 1–6.
White, W. L. (1998). Slaying the dragon: The history of addiction treatment and recovery in America. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems/Lighthouse Institute.
Wilson, D., Donald, B., Shattock, A., Wilson, D., & Hurt, N. (2015). The cost-effectiveness of harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 5–11.
World Health Organization. (1998). WHO safe communities. Retrieved from: http://www.phs.ki.se/csp/default.htm
World Health Organization. (2004). Global health observatory data: Prevalence of drug use disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/gho/substance_abuse/burden/drug_prevalence/en/
World Health Organization. (2009). Assessment of compulsory treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: An application of human rights principles. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
World Health Organization. (2020). Harm reduction. Retrieved from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/policy/policy-guidance-for-areas-of-intervention/harm-reduction.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Watts, J.R., McDaniels, B., Rivera-Torres, S., Resiak, D., Mpofu, E., Redwine, S. (2020). Community Substance Use Safety. In: Mpofu, E. (eds) Sustainable Community Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59687-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59687-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-59686-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-59687-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)