Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Gut Microbiome in Serious Mental Illnesses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gut Microbiome-Related Diseases and Therapies

Part of the book series: The Microbiomes of Humans, Animals, Plants, and the Environment ((MHAPE,volume 1))

Abstract

In the past few years, significant progress has been made in characterizing the function of the gut–brain axis, i.e., the interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Preclinical studies described the important role of the gut microbiota in gut brain interactions Furthermore, gut microbiome has been linked to various serious mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression. This chapter will describe the possible mechanisms that enhance the connection between them and the gut microbiome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguilera M, Vergara P, Martínez V. Stress and antibiotics alter luminal and wall-adhered microbiota and enhance the local expression of visceral sensory-related systems in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:e515. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed AIA, van der Heijden FMMA, van den Berkmortel H, Kramers K. A man who wanted to commit suicide by hanging himself: an adverse effect of ciprofloxacin. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:82.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aizawa E, et al. Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayaz M, Subhan F, Ahmed J, Khan AU, Ullah F, Ullah I, et al. Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance. J Biol Res (Thessalon). 2015;22(1):4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai YM, Su TP, Tsai SJ, Wen-Fei C, Li CT, Pei-Chi T, et al. Comparison of inflammatory cytokine levels among type I/type II and manic/hypomanic/euthymic/depressive states of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:187–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barandouzi ZA, Starkweather AR, Henderson WA, Gyamfi A, Cong XS. Altered composition of gut microbiota in depression: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00541.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Belizario J, Napolitano M. Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1050.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Dean OM, Giorlando F, Maes M, Yucel M, Gama CS, Dodd S, Dean B, Magalhaes PV, Amminger P, McGorry P, Malhi GS. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):804–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bistoletti M, Caputi V, Baranzini N, Marchesi N, Filpa V, Marsilio O, et al. Antibiotic treatment-induced dysbiosis differently affects BDNF and TrkB expression in the brain and in the gut of juvenile mice. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0212856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bouter KE, van Raalte DH, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):1671–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown S. Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:502–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch JD. Intestinal infection associated with future onset of an anxiety disorder: results of a nationally representative study. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;57:222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley PF, Pillai A, Evans D, Stirewalt E, Mahadik S. Brain derived neurotropic factor in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2007;91:1–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, Hansbro PM. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(1):55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Costello EK, Berg-Lyons D, Gonzalez A, Stombaugh J, Knights D, Gajer P, Ravel J, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Moving pictures at the human microbiome. Genome Biol. 2011;12(5):R50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonetto B, Fabbro MC, Sciara M, Seravalle A, Mejico G, Revale S, Rompro MS, Brun B, Fay M, Fay F, Vazquez MP. Human microbiota of the Argentine population—a pilot study. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casey DE, Hansen TE, Meyer J, Nasrallah H. Excessive mortality and morbidity associated with schizophrenia. In: Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA, editors. Medical illness and schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc; 2009. p. 17–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JJ, et al. Sex differences in gut microbiota in patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018a;14:647. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S159322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, et al. Comparative metaproteomics analysis shows altered fecal microbiota signatures in patients with major depressive disorder. Neuroreport. 2018b;29:417. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coban AY, Tanriverdi Cayci Y, Keleş Uludağ S, Durupinar B. Investigation of antibacterial activity of sertralin. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43(4):651–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras M, Costello EK, Hidalgo G, Magris M, Knight R, Dominguez-Bello MG. The bacterial microbiota in the oral mucosa of rural Amerindians. Microbiology. 2010;156(11):3282–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curry J, et al. Recovery and recurrence following treatment for adolescent major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:263. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cussotto S, Strain CR, Fouhy F, Strain RG, Peterson VL, Clarke G, et al. Differential effects of psychotropic drugs on microbiome composition and gastrointestinal function. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236(5):1671–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey KJ, Cotter PD, O’Sullivan O, Crispie F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, et al. Antipsychotics and the gut microbiome: olanzapine-induced metabolic dysfunction is attenuated by antibiotic administration in the rat. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(10):e309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Hert M, Dekker JM, Wood D, Kahl KG, Holt RI, Moller HJ. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(6):412–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debnath M, Berk M. Th17 pathway-mediated immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia: mechanisms and implications. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(6):1412–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson FB, Stallings C, Origoni A, Katsafanas E, Savage CL, Schweinfurth LA, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Brain-gut-microbiota axis and mental health. Psychosom Med. 2017;79:920–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duerkop B, Vaishnava S, Hooper L. Immune responses to the microbiota at the intestinal mucosal surface. Immunity. 2009;31(3):368–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N, Zivin K. Mental health service utilization among college students in the United States. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199:301. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182175123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eme L, Doolittle WF. Archaea. Curr Biol. 2015;25(19):R851–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans SJ, Bassis CM, Hein R, Assari S, Flowers SA, Kelly MB, et al. The gut microbiome composition associates with bipolar disorder and illness severity. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;87:23–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flatow J, Buckley P, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(6):400–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers SA, Evans SJ, Ward KM, McInnis MG, Ellingrod VL. Interaction between atypical antipsychotics and the gut microbiome in a bipolar disease cohort. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37(3):261–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers SA, Baxter NT, Ward KM, Kraal AZ, McInnis MG, Schmidt TM, et al. Effects of atypical antipsychotic treatment and resistant starch supplementation on gut microbiome composition in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy. 2019;39(2):161–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers SA, Ward KM, Clark CT. The gut microbiome in bipolar disorder and pharmacotherapy management. Neuropsychobiology. 2020;79:43–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fond G, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264:651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0502-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. Immunomodulation by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Immunol Investig. 2010;39(4–5):429–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;7:124–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaderi A, Banafshe HR, Mirhosseini N, Moradi M, Karimi MA, Mehrzad F, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaemi S, Sachs G, Chiou A, Pandurangi A, Goodwin K. Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized? J Affect Disord. 1999;52:135–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, et al. Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14:491–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grassi L, Biancosino B, Pavanati M, Agostini M, Manfredini R. Depression or hypoactive delirium? A report of ciprofloxacin-induced mental disorder in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychother Psychosom. 2001;70:58. https://doi.org/10.1159/000056226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths CA, Griffiths LJ. Recovery and reliable change rates for patients scoring severe on depression, anxiety or impaired functioning in a psychological therapies service: IAPT. Ment Heal Rev J. 2015;20:28. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-06-2014-0022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gronier B, Savignac HM, Di Miceli M, Idriss SM, Tzortzis G, Anthony D, et al. Increased cortical neuronal responses to NMDA and improved attentional set-shifting performance in rats following prebiotic (B-GOS®) ingestion. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28:211–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartstra AV, Bouter KEC, Backhed F, Nieuwdorp M. Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):159–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennekens CH, Hennekens AR, Hollar D, Casey DE. Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2005;150(6):1115–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hjorth P, Medici CR, Juel A, Madsen NJ, Vandborg K, Munk-Jorgensen P. Improving quality of life and physical health in patients with schizophrenia: a 30-month program carried out in a real-life setting. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2017;63:287–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islam F, Mulsant BH, Voineskos AN, Rajji TK. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy aging: testing the accelerated aging hypothesis of schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19:36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeste DV, Wolkowitz OM, Palmer BW. Divergent trajectories of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aging in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(3):451–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang HY, et al. Altered gut microbiota profile in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamada N, Seo SU, Chen GY, Nunez G. Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(5):321–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur K, et al. Fluoroquinolone-related neuropsychiatric and mitochondrial toxicity: a collaborative investigation by scientists and members of a social network. J Community Support Oncol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.12788/jcso.0167.

  • Kelly JR, et al. Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y-K, Shin C. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders: pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(5):559–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick B, Miller BJ. Inflammation andschizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(6):1174–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(Suppl 1):4578–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostic AD, Xavier RJ, Gevers D. The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and the future ahead. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(6):1489–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruszewska H, Zareba T, Tyski S. Examination of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic medicinal preparations. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;69(6):1368–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer DJ. The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. JAMA. 2005;293(20):2528–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lach G, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: a role for gut peptides. Neurotherapeutics. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0585-0.

  • Lähteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Taipale H, Hoti F, Vattulainen P, Vieta E, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments for the prevention of rehospitalization in a Finnish Nationwide Cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiat. 2018;75(4):347–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Sierra S, Rodriguez JM, Boza J, Xaus J. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(Suppl. 1):96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EE, Liu J, Tu X, Palmer BW, Eyler LT, Jeste DV. A widening longevity gap between people with schizophrenia and general population: a literature review and call for action. Schizophr Res. 2018;196:9–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb J. The immunostimulating and antimicrobial properties of lithium and antidepressants. J Infect. 2004;49:88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin P, et al. Prevotella and Klebsiella proportions in fecal microbial communities are potential characteristic parameters for patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, et al. Similar fecal microbiota signatures in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and patients with depression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(7):712–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luna RA, Foster JA. Gut brain axis: Diet microbiota interactions and implications for modulation of anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.007.

  • Lurie I, Yang YX, Haynes K, Mamtani R, Boursi B. Antibiotic exposure and the risk for depression, anxiety, or psychosis: a nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:1522. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09961.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marwaha S, Johnson S. Schizophrenia and employment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:337–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason B, Koh A, Enkevort EV, Trivedi M. 676. Gut microbiota distributions predict mood disorder symptoms and mediate dietary interactions. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(10):S273–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer EA, Tillish K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(3):926–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res. 2005;80(1):19–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AH, Raison CL. The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5.

  • Mirzaei M, Ardekani SMY, Mirzaei M, Dehghani A. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among adult population: results of yazd health study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019; https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v14i2.993.

  • Munoz-Bellido JL, Munoz-Criado S, Garcìa-Rodrìguez JA. Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;14:177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00154-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naseribafrouei A, et al. Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26:1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuendorf R, Harding A, Stello N, Hanes D, Wahbeh H. Depression and anxiety in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.06.001.

  • Nguyen T, Kosciolek T, Eyler LT, Knight R, Jeste DV. Overview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2018a;99:50–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen TT, Kosciolek T, Maldonado Y, Daly RE, Martin AS, McDonald D, et al. Differences in gut microbiome composition between persons with chronic schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects. Schizophr Res. 2018b;204:23–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen TT, Hathaway H, Kosciolek T, Knight R, Jeste DV. Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation. Schizophr Res. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.026.

  • Nieto R, Kukuljan M, Silva H. BDNF and schizophrenia: from neurodevelopment to neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Front Psych. 2013;4:45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NIH Human Microbiome Portfolio Analysis Team. A review of ten years of human microbiome research activities at the US National Institutes of Health, fiscal years 2007–2016. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino R, et al. Commensal microbiota modulate murine behaviors in a strictly contamination-free environment confirmed by culture-based methods. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:521. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dwyer DN, Dickson RP, Moore BB. The lung microbiome, immunity, and the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease. J Immunol. 2016;196(12):4839–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painold A, Mörkl S, Kashofer K, Halwachs B, Dalkner N, Bengesser S, et al. A step ahead: exploring the gut microbiota in inpatients with bipolar disorder during a depressive episode. Bipolar Disord. 2019;21(1):40–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips ML, Kupfer DJ. Bipolar disorder diagnosis: challenges and future directions. Lancet (London, England). 2013;381:1663–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis DJ, Ilardi SS, Punt SEW. The anxiolytic effect of probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature. PLoS One. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199041.

  • Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Campbell SC. Microbes and mental health: a review. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;66:9–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizos EN, Rontos I, Laskos E, Arsenis G, Michalopoulou PG, Vasilopoulos D, et al. Investigation of serum BDNF levels in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:1308–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers MA, Greene MT, Young VB, Saint S, Langa KM, Kao JY, et al. Depression, antidepressant medications, and risk of Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roshanaei-Moghaddam B, Katon W. Premature mortality from general medical illnesses among persons with bipolar disorder: a review. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(2):147–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiome shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(5):313–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roy-Byrne PP, Davidson KW, Kessler RC, Asmundson GJ, Goodwin RD, Kubzansky L, et al. Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30(3):208–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J. A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(10):1123–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sajatovic M. Bipolar disorder: disease burden. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:S80–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savignac HM, Corona G, Mills H, Chen L, Spencer JP, Tzortzis G, et al. Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and D-serine. Neurochem Int. 2013;63:756–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger M, Everard A, Gómez-Valadés AG, Matamoros S, Ramírez S, Delzenne NM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):16643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe RF, Jobin C. The microbiome and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(11):800–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz E, Maukonen J, Hyytiainen T, Kieseppa T, Oresic M, Sabunciyan S, et al. Analysis of microbiota in first episode psychosis identifies preliminary associations with symptom severity and treatment response. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:398–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Yang S, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Vaughan C, et al. Seroreactive marker for inflammatory bowel disease and associations with antibodies to dietary proteins in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(3):230–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Severance EG, Prandovszky E, Castiglione J, Yolken RH. Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(5):27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA, Savage CL, et al. Candida albicans exposures, sex specificity and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. NPJ Schizophr. 2016;2(1):16018.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Sonoda J, Oyama N, Yu XN, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004a;558(Pt 1):263–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sudo N, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004b;558:263. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szeligowski T, Yun AL, Lennox BR, Burnett PWJ. The gut microbiome and schizophrenia: the current state of the field and clinical applications. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:156.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasik J, Yolken R, Bahn S, Dickerson F. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic supplementation in schizophrenia patients: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Biomark Insights. 2015;10:47–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomova A, Husarova V, Lakatosova S, Bakos J, Vlkova B, Babinska K, Ostatnikova D. Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiol Behav. 2015;138:179–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng PT, Zeng BS, Chen YW, Wu MK, Wu CK, Lin PY. A meta-analysis and systematic review of the comorbidity between irritable bowel syndrome and bipolar disorder. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(33):e4617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Wouw M, et al. Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain–gut axis alterations. J Physiol. 2018;596:4923. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP276431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vanuytsel T, et al. Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Gut. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305690.

  • Vos WM, Vos EAJ. Role of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease: from correlation to causation. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(Suppl 1):S45–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00505.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrbanac A, Debelius JW, Jiang L, Morton JT, Dorrestein P, Knight R. An elegant screen for drug-microbe interactions. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21(5):555–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2015;72(4):334–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter SA, et al. Abdominal pain is associated with anxiety and depression scores in a sample of the general adult population with no signs of organic gastrointestinal disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:741. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters WA, Xu Z, Knight R. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(22):4223–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Johns N, Burstein R, Murray CJ, Vos T. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead WE, Palsson O, Jones KR. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications? Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):1140–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woese CR, Fox GE. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(11):5088–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Won E, Kim Y-K. An oldie but goodie: lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder through neuroprotective and neurotrophic mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12):2679.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486:222–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen P, Xie H, Tao Y. Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-019-0074-5.

  • Zheng P, et al. Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:786. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng P, Zeng B, Liu M, Chen J, Pan J, Han Y, et al. The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice. Sci Adv. 2019;5:eaau8317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund—ESF) through the Operational Programme “Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning” in the context of the project “Reinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers—2nd Cycle” (MIS-5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Elias O. Tzavellas & Nikos Stefanis

  2. Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Marianthi Logotheti

  3. State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ), Athens, Greece

    Marianthi Logotheti

Authors
  1. Elias O. Tzavellas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marianthi Logotheti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nikos Stefanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elias O. Tzavellas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Maria Gazouli

  2. School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    George Theodoropoulos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tzavellas, E.O., Logotheti, M., Stefanis, N. (2021). The Gut Microbiome in Serious Mental Illnesses. In: Gazouli, M., Theodoropoulos, G. (eds) Gut Microbiome-Related Diseases and Therapies. The Microbiomes of Humans, Animals, Plants, and the Environment, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59642-2_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation