Abstract
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch, Portuguese-born philosopher who focused on biblical criticism, the concepts of enlightenment and innovative concepts of self and the universe. Born into the Portuguese-Jewish community, he developed controversial ideas on Judaism and the nature of the Divine, leading to being excommunicated from the Jewish community at the age of 23.
This chapter aims to explore the notions of shame (SH) and faith development (FD) in the life of Spinoza by means of a psychobiographical approach. By analysing Spinoza’s life, the authors contribute to the expansion of the theories of shame and faith development and their potential positive effect when transformed into a source of growth, self-development and understanding. As in Spinoza’s tradition, it is assumed that an emotion experienced consciously and understood fully and in depth can contribute to the conscious awareness, recognition and acknowledgement of what is in the present.
This psychobiographical account presents new findings of shame and faith development in Spinoza’s life, thereby drawing on positive psychology constructs on the one hand and constituting a radical break with past ideas—as an essential and potential tool for envisaging a form of new and critical ideas beyond present directions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the other hand. Conclusions are drawn about shame and faith development and its lessons and potential learnings for individuals living through the challenges of the 4IR.
The more clearly you understand yourself and your emotions, the more you become a lover of what is.
Baruch Spinoza
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Cherem is defined as one of the three forms of ecclesiastical excommunication and seen as its most severe form, used by rabbis or other officials of a synagogue or community, in sentencing wrongdoers, usually for an indefinite period of time (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2020).
- 2.
This discourse is not deepened here due to its relative irrelevance to faith development and shame issues. However, it might be important that the degradation of women in Spinoza’s mindset might be related to the early death of the mother, the patriarchic upbringing in the Jewish community and the frustrations with love relationships of Spinoza which might have caused him to feel shamed and unfaithful with regard to his involvement with women on a personal note. Please see Gullan-Whur (2000, 2002) for a detailed insight.
References
Bahrs, O. & Henze, K.-H. (2019). From shame to pride – Initiation of de-stigmatisation processes in review dialogues. In C. -H. Mayer & E. Vanderheiden (Eds.), The bright side of shame. Transforming and growing through practical applications in cultural contexts (pp. 363–380). Cham: Springer.
Burnell, B. (2013). The Life of Beyers Naudé: A Psychobiographical study. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in Psychology. Faculty of the Humanities, at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, RSA.
Campbell, H. A., & Garner, S. (2016). Networked theology (engaging culture): Negotiating faith in digital culture. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
Carlisle, C. (2011, February 7). Spinoza, part 1: Philosophy as a way of life. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/feb/07/spinoza-philosophy-god-world
Coates, K. S., & Morrison, B. (2016). Dream factories. Why universities won’t solve the youth job crisis. Toronto, ON: Dundurn.
Coetzee, M. (2019). Thriving for digital workspaces. Emerging issues for research and practice. Cham: Springer.
Cohen, A. (2002). The excommunication of Baruch Spinoza: A struggle between Jewish and Civil Law. In J. Israel & R. Salverda (Eds.), Dutch Jewry. Its history and secular culture (1500-2000). Leiden: Brill.
Croucher, R. (2003). Fowler’s stages of faith in profile. Retrieved from: http://www.jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/2219.htm [5 Aug 2011].
Croucher, R. (2010). Fowler’s stages of faith. Retrieved from http://jmma.aaa.net.au/Articles/23318.htm [24 Dec 2019].
Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Deigh, J. (1983). Shame and self-esteem: A critique. Ethics. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 93(2), 225–245.
Deleuze, G. (1988). Spinoza: Practical philosophy (pp. 3–14). San Francisco: City Lights Publications.
Deleuze, G. (2001). Life of Spinoza. In: G. Lloyd (Ed.), Spinoza: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers (pp. 100–110). London: Routledge.
Deonna, J., Rodogno, R., & Teroni, F. (2012). In defense of shame. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dykstra, C. R. (1982). Transformation in faith and morals. Theology Today, 39(1), 56–64.
Elms, A. C. (1994). Uncovering lives: The uneasy alliance of biography and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Elms, A. C. (2007). Psychobiography and case study methods. In R. W. Robbins, R. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 97–113). New York: Guilford Press.
Feld, E. (1989). Spinoza the Jew. Modern Judaism, 9(1), 101–119.
Feuer, L. S. (2017). Spinoza and the rise of liberalism. New York: Routledge.
Fouché, J.P., Burnell, B. & Van Niekerk, R. (2015). The spiritual wellness of Beyers Naudé: A psychobiographical study of a South African anti-apartheid theologian. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25 (5), x–xx. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.110126
Fouché, J. P., Burnell, B., Van Niekerk, R., & Nortjé, N. (2016). The faith development of the anti-apartheid theologian Beyers Naudé: A psychobiography. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 3(4), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000105.
Fouché, J. P., & Van Niekerk, R. (2010). Academic psychobiography in South Africa: Past, present and future. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(4), 495–507.
Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Fowler, J. W. (1984). Becoming adult, becoming Christian. Adult development and Christian faith. New York: Harper-Collins.
Fowler, J. W. (1987). Faith development and pastoral care. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.
Fowler, J. W. (2001). Faith development theory and postmodern changes. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11(3), 159–172.
Fowler, J. W. (2004). Faith development at 30: Naming the challenges of faith in a new millennium. Religious Education, 99(4), 405–421.
Freud, S. (1930). Das Unbehagen in der Kultur. In A. Freud & E. Bibring (Eds.), Gesammelte Werke. Chronologisch geordnet (XIV: Werke aus den Jahren 1925–1931), hg. von Anna Freud u.a. (pp. 1948–1968). London.
Freund, R.R. & Gill, C.S. (2018). Understanding the development of spirituality, religion, and faith in the client’s life. In C. S. Gill & R. R. Freund (Eds.), Spirituality and religion in counselling. Competency-based strategies for ethical practice. New York: Routledge.
Garrett, D. (1996). The Cambridge companion to Spinoza. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Green, K. (2016). Spinoza on self-hatred. The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly, 65, 73–95.
Gullan-Whur, M. (2000). Within reason: A life of Spinoza. New York: St Martins Press.
Gullan-Whur, M. (2002). Spinoza and the equality of women. Theoria, 68(2), 91–111.
Hartmann, F. (1984). The corporeality of shame Px and Hx at the bedside. The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 9(1), 63–74.
Holm-Hadulla, R. M. (2012). Goethe’s anxieties, depressive episodes and (self-) therapeutic strategies: A contribution to method integration in psychotherapy. Psychopathology, 46, 266–274.
Isenberg, A. (1949). Natural pride and natural shame. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 10(1), 1–24.
Johannessen, J.-A. (2019). The workplace of the future: The Fourth revolution, the Precariat and the death of hierarchies. New York: Routledge.
Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Klever, W.N.A. (1996). Chapter 1: Spinoza’s life and works. In D. Garrett (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Spinoza (p. 13). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Klever, W. (1990). Hume Contra Spinoza?. Hume Studies, 16(2), 89–105.
Lewis, M. (2011). The self-conscious emotions. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Encyclopaedia on early childhood development. Institute for the Study of Child Development, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Child Health Institute. http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/sites/default/files/dossiers-complets/en/emotions.pdf
Lord, B. (2011). Disempowered by Nature#: Spinoza on the political capabilities of women. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 19(6), 1085–1106.
Machiavelli, N. (1513/2013). The Prince (Original: De Principatibus). Vancouver, BC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Marks, S. (2011).Scham—die tabuisierte Emotion. Düsseldorf: Patmos.
Mayer, C.-H. (2017). The life and creative works of Paulo Coelho: A psychobiography from a positive psychology perspective. Gewerbetrasse: Springer.
Mayer, C.-H. (2019). Key factors of creativity and the art of collaboration in twenty-first-century workplaces. In M. Coetzee (Ed.), Thriving in digital workplaces: Innovations in theory, research and practice (pp. 147–166). Cham: Springer Nature.
Mayer, C.-H., & Kóváry, Z. (2019). New Trends in psychobiography. Cham: Springer.
Mayer, C.-H., & Vanderheiden, E. (2019). The bright side of shame. Transforming and growing through practical applications in cultural contexts. Cham: Springer.
Mayer, C.-H., & Vanderheiden, E. (2021). Naming and shaming in cyber space: Effects and counter-strategies. In C.-H. Mayer, E. Vanderheiden, & P. T. P. Wong (Eds.), Shame 4.0: Investigating an emotion in digital worlds and the fourth industrial revolution. Cham: Springer.
Mayer, C.-H., Vanderheiden, E., & Oosthuizen, R. (2019). Transforming shame, guilt and anxiety through a salutogenic pp1.0 and pp2.0 counselling framework. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4), 436–452.
Mayer, C.-H., Van Niekerk, R. & Fouché, P.J. (2020). Holistic wellness in the life of Angela Merkel: A call to revise Wheel of Wellness in the light of new Positive Psychology movements and socio-cultural changes. International Review of Psychiatry, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1735317.
Meinsma, K. O. (1983). Spinoza et son cercle. Paris: Vrin.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2020). Cherem. https://www.theschooloflife.com/thebookoflife/baruch-spinoza/
Morley, L. (2013). The rules of the game: Women and the leaderist turn in higher education. Gender and Education, 25(1), 116–131.
Nadler, S. (2009). The Jewish Spinoza. Journal of the History of Ideas, 70, (3), 491–510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20621904
Nadler, S. (2019). Baruch Spinoza (E. Zalta, Ed.). Stanford, CA: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/spinoza/
Negri, A. (2020). Spinoza then and now. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Palti, I. (2017). Creativity will be the source of our next industrial revolution, not machines. Quartz, 11.
Parker, S. (2011). Spirituality in counselling: A faith development perspective. Journal of Counselling and Development, 89(1), 112–119.
Popkin, J. (2019). A study of Spinoza by James Martineau (3rd ed.). Macmillan. https://www.britannica.co/contributor/Richard-H-Popkin/2352
Ratner, J. (2011). Baruch Spinoza. The philosophy of Spinoza: Life, work and the philosophy of Spinoza. Vancouver, BC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Rotenstreich, N. (1965). On shame. The Review of Metaphysics, 19(1), 55–85.
Runyan, W. M. (2005). Evolving conceptions of psychobiography and the study of lives: Encounters with psychoanalysis, personality psychology and historical science. In W. T. Schultz (Ed.), The handbook of psychobiography (pp. 19–42). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ryan, T. (2019). Transforming shame: Strategies in spirituality and prayer. In C. -H. Mayer, & E. Vanderheiden (Eds.), The bright side of shame. Transforming and growing through practical applications in cultural contexts (pp. 187–198). Cham: Springer.
Scheff, T. (2013). The S-word: Shame as a key to modern societies. Global summit on diagnostic alternatives.http://dxsummit.org/archives/1286. Accessed 1 May 2016.
Schultz, W. T. (2005). Handbook of psychobiography. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spinoza, B. (1677/2001). Ethics. Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth.
Straughn, H. F. (2010). Stages of faith: Interview with James Fowler. Retrieved from http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/23318.htm [5 Aug 2011].
Stubbings, C. (2018). Workforce of the future: The competing forces shaping 2030. PwC. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/people-organisation/publications/workforce-of-the-future.html
Sullivan, S. (2011). Sad versus joyful passions. Spinoza, Nietzsche, and the transformation of whiteness. Philosophy Today, 55(suppl), 231–239.
Tangney, J., & Dearing, R. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
The Book of Life (2020). Chapter: Western philosophy. Baruch Spinoza. https://www.theschooloflife.com/thebookoflife/baruch-spinoza/
The New Republic (2012). Destroyer and builder. https://newrepublic.com/book/review/book-forged-hell-spinoza-treatise-Steven-Nadler
Vanderheiden, E., & Mayer, C.-H. (2017). The value of shame. Exploring a health resource in cultural contexts. Cham: Springer.
Wing, K. A. (1997). Adult faith development: Current thinking. Retrieved from http://www.hope.edu/academic/psychology/335/webrep/fiathdev.html
Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Self-transcendence: A paradoxical way to become your best. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6 (1). Retrieved from http://journal.existentialpsychology.org/index.php/ExPsy/article/view/178/141
Wong, P.T.P. (2019). Foreword: From shame to wholeness: An existential positive psychology perspective. In C.-H. Mayer & Vanderheiden, E. (Eds.). The bright side of shame. Transforming and growing through practical applications in cultural contexts (pp. v–xi). Cham: Springer.
Yovel, Y. (1992). Spinoza and other heretics: The adventures of immanence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mayer, CH., Fouché, P.J.P. (2021). Lessons Learnt from Baruch Spinoza: Shame and Faith Development in the Light of Challenges in Contemporary Society. In: Mayer, CH., Vanderheiden, E., Wong, P.T.P. (eds) Shame 4.0. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59527-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59527-2_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-59526-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-59527-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)