Abstract
Motivation, effort, and malingering are terms that are often used interchangeably in psychology in general and neuropsychology in particular. They do not represent the same behaviors or constructs. They are but a few of the large number of terms that have been used to describe effort or the reason for effort related to the performance on neuropsychological or psychological tests. It is clear that motivation and effort are not the same thing. Estimated effort plays a role in the probabilistic reward calculation that, in a network model, might be used to represent motivation. Based upon Vroom’s expectancy theory, there are three factors that contribute to the development of motivation relative to a specific goal. These factors are valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. Valence describes the attractiveness of a reward. Expectancy was defined as the individual’s belief that his/her action will yield a specific result. Instrumentality was described as the estimated probability individual obtaining what he/she earns.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, M., Bigler, E., Larsen, J., Goodrich-Hunsaker, N., & Hopkins, R. (2007). Functional neuroimaging evidence for high cognitive effort on the word memory test in the absence of external incentives. Brain Injury, 21(13–14), 1425–1428.
Althubaiti, A. (2016). Information bias in health research: Definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 9, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S104807.
Aridan, N., Malecek, N., Poldrack, R., & Schonberg, T. (2018). Neural correlates of effort-based valuation with prospective choices. NeuroImage, 185, 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.051. Retrieved from bioRxiv.
Bartra, O., McGuire, J., & Kable, J. (2013). The valuation system: A coordinate-based metaanalysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Nueroimage, 76, 412–427.
Bigler. (2014). Effort, symptom validity testing, performance validity testing and traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 28(13–14), 1623–1638.
Bush, S., Ruff, R., Troster, A., Barth, J., Koffler, S., Pliskin, N., et al. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN Policy & Planning Committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419–426.
Carter, R., Meyer, J., & Heuttel, S. (2010). Functional neuroimaging of intertemporal choice models: A review. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 3(1), 27–45.
Chong, T., Bonnelle, V., Manohar, S., Veromann, K., Muhammed, K., Tofaris, G., et al. (2015). Dopamine enhances willingness to exert effort for reward in Parkinson’s disease. Cortex, 69, 40–46.
Delis, D., & Wetter, S. (2007). Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(5), 589–604.
Fredricks, J., Blumenfeld, P., & Paris, A. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59–109.
Garriga, M. (2007). Malingering in the clinical setting. Psychiatric Time, 24(3). Retrieved from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/malingering-clinical-setting.
Gold, J., Strauss, G., Waltz, J., Robinson, B., Brown, J., & Frank, M. (2013). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations. Biological Psychiatry, 74(2), 130–136.
Goodman, S., Jaffa, T., Keresztesi, M., Mamdani, F., Mokgatle, D., Musarir, M., et al. (2011). An investigation of the relationship between students’ motivation and academic performance as mediated by effort. South Africa Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 373–375.
Heilbronner, R., Sweet, J., Morgan, J., Larrabee, G., & Mills, S. (2009). American Academy Of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1093–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903155063.
Iverson, G. (2006). Ethical issues associated with the assessment of exaggeration, poor effort, and malingering. Applied Neuropsychology, 13(2), 77–90.
Keller, J. M. (2008). An integrative theory of motivation, volition, and performance. Technology, Instruction, Cognition, and Learning, 6, 79–104.
Kim, C., & Bennekin, K. (2013). Design and implementation of volitional control support in mathematics courses. Educational Technology Research & Development, 61(5), 793–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9309-2.
Kim, C., Park, S. W., Cozart, J., & Lee, H. (2015). From motivation to engagement: The role of effort regulation of virtual high school students in mathematics courses. Educational Technology & Society, 18(4), 261–272.
Kireev, M., Korotkov, A., Medvedeva, N., & Medvedev, S. (2013). Possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception: PET-fMRI study. Internal Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(3), 291–299.
Kirschner, P., & Kirschner, F. (2012). Mental effort. In Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_226. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1428-6_226.
Knight, K. (2007). Neuroscience. Neural networks debunk phrenology. Science, 316(5831), 1578–1579.
Martin, A. J. (2012). Commentary: Motivation and engagement: Conceptual, operational, and empirical clarity. In S. ChrChristenson, A. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 303–311). New York: Springer.
Mohr, P., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. (2010). Neural processing of risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010.
Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2011). Neurobiology of economic choice: A good-based model. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 333–359.
Pam, N. (2013). Effort. Psychology dictionary. Retrieved from https://psychologydictionary.org/effort/.
Salamone, J., Correa, M., Yang, J. H., Rotolo, R., & Presby, R. (2018). Dopamine, effort-based choice, and behavioral economics: Basic and translational research. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience., 12, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00052.
Sun, D., Lee, T., & Chan, C. (2015). Unfolding the spatial and temporal neural processing of lying about face familiarity. Cereberal Cortex, 25(4), 927–936.
Theeuwes, J. (1991). Exogenous and endogenous control of attention: The effect of visual onsets and offsets. Perception & Psychophysics, 49(1), 83–90.
van de Mortel, T. (2008). Faking it: social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(4), 40–48.
Wittington, K. (2015). Does Motivation Predict Persistence and Academic Success? Open Journal of Nursing, 5, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2015.51002.
Yang, X., Huang, J., Lan, Y., Zhu, C., Liu, X., et al. (2016). Diminished caudate and superior temporal gyrus responses to effort-based decision making in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacological Biological Psychiatry, 64, 52–59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wasserman, T., Wasserman, L. (2020). Motivation, Effort, and Malingering in Assessment: Similarities and Differences. In: Motivation, Effort, and the Neural Network Model. Neural Network Model: Applications and Implications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58724-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58724-6_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58723-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58724-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)