Abstract
In contrast to great success of memory-consuming face editing methods at a low resolution, to manipulate high-resolution (HR) facial images, i.e., typically larger than \(768^2\) pixels, with very limited memory is still challenging. This is due to the reasons of 1) intractable huge demand of memory; 2) inefficient multi-scale features fusion. To address these issues, we propose a NOVEL pixel translation framework called Cooperative GAN(CooGAN) for HR facial image editing. This framework features a local path for fine-grained local facial patch generation (i.e., patch-level HR, LOW memory) and a global path for global low-resolution (LR) facial structure monitoring (i.e., image-level LR, LOW memory), which largely reduce memory requirements. Both paths work in a cooperative manner under a local-to-global consistency objective (i.e., for smooth stitching). In addition, we propose a lighter selective transfer unit for more efficient multi-scale features fusion, yielding higher fidelity facial attributes manipulation. Extensive experiments on CelebA-HQ well demonstrate the memory efficiency as well as the high image generation quality of the proposed framework.
X. Chen—Work done during an internship at Huawei HiSilicon.
N. Liu—Contributed to the work while he was a research assistant at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 18–22 June 2018. IEEE Computer Society (2018)
IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16–20 June 2019. Computer Vision Foundation/IEEE (2018)
Awiszus, M., Ackermann, H., Rosenhahn, B.: Learning disentangled representations via independent subspaces. CoRR abs/1908.08989 (2019)
Cao, J., Huang, H., Li, Y., Liu, J., He, R., Sun, Z.: Biphasic learning of GANs for high-resolution image-to-image translation. CoRR abs/1904.06624 (2019)
Chen, Y., et al.: Facelet-bank for fast portrait manipulation. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 18–22 June 2018 [2], pp. 3541–3549 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00373
Cho, K., et al.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. In: Moschitti, A., Pang, B., Daelemans, W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2014, 25–29 October 2014, Doha, Qatar, A Meeting of SIGDAT, A Special Interest Group of the ACL, pp. 1724–1734. ACL (2014). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/volumes/D14-1/
Choi, Y., Choi, M., Kim, M., Ha, J., Kim, S., Choo, J.: StarGAN: unified generative adversarial networks for multi-domain image-to-image translation. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 18–22 June 2018 [2], pp. 8789–8797 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00916
Chung, J., Gülçehre, Ç., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. CoRR abs/1412.3555 (2014)
Gulrajani, I., Ahmed, F., Arjovsky, M., Dumoulin, V., Courville, A.C.: Improved training of Wasserstein GANs. CoRR abs/1704.00028 (2017)
Guyon, I., et al. (eds.): Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA, 4–9 December 2017 (2017)
He, Z., Zuo, W., Kan, M., Shan, S., Chen, X.: AttGAN: facial attribute editing by only changing what you want. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(11), 5464–5478 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2916751
Howard, A.G., et al.: MobileNets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. CoRR abs/1704.04861 (2017)
Karras, T., Aila, T., Laine, S., Lehtinen, J.: Progressive growing of GANs for improved quality, stability, and variation. In: 6th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 30 April–3 May 2018, Conference Track Proceedings. OpenReview.net (2018). https://openreview.net/group?id=ICLR.cc/2018/Conference
Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, I., Suwajanakorn, S., Seitz, S.M.: Illumination-aware age progression. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2014, Columbus, OH, USA, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 3334–3341. IEEE Computer Society (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.426. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/6909096/proceeding
Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y. (eds.) 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, 7–9 May 2015, Conference Track Proceedings (2015). https://iclr.cc/archive/www/doku.php%3Fid=iclr2015:accepted-main.html
Lample, G., Zeghidour, N., Usunier, N., Bordes, A., Denoyer, L., Ranzato, M.: Fader networks: manipulating images by sliding attributes. In: Guyon et al. [11], pp. 5967–5976
Lee, C., Liu, Z., Wu, L., Luo, P.: MaskGAN: towards diverse and interactive facial image manipulation. CoRR abs/1907.11922 (2019)
Lei, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, S.I., Dai, H., Artzi, Y.: Simple recurrent units for highly parallelizable recurrence. In: Riloff, E., Chiang, D., Hockenmaier, J., Tsujii, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October–4 November 2018, pp. 4470–4481. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1477
Liu, M., et al.: STGAN: a unified selective transfer network for arbitrary image attribute editing. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16–20 June 2019 [3], pp. 3673–3682
Liu, M., Breuel, T., Kautz, J.: Unsupervised image-to-image translation networks. In: Guyon et al. [11], pp. 700–708
Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep learning face attributes in the wild. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), December 2015
Ma, N., Zhang, X., Zheng, H.-T., Sun, J.: ShuffleNet V2: practical guidelines for efficient CNN architecture design. In: Ferrari, V., Hebert, M., Sminchisescu, C., Weiss, Y. (eds.) Computer Vision – ECCV 2018. LNCS, vol. 11218, pp. 122–138. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01264-9_8
Odena, A., Olah, C., Shlens, J.: Conditional image synthesis with auxiliary classifier GANs. In: Precup, D., Teh, Y.W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6–11 August 2017. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, vol. 70, pp. 2642–2651. PMLR (2017). http://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/
Perarnau, G., van de Weijer, J., Raducanu, B., Álvarez, J.M.: Invertible conditional GANs for image editing. CoRR abs/1611.06355 (2016)
Qian, S., et al.: Make a face: towards arbitrary high fidelity face manipulation. CoRR abs/1908.07191 (2019)
Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W.M., Frangi, A.F. (eds.) MICCAI 2015. LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234–241. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28
Sandler, M., Howard, A.G., Zhu, M., Zhmoginov, A., Chen, L.: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks: mobile networks for classification, detection and segmentation. CoRR abs/1801.04381 (2018)
Thies, J., Zollhöfer, M., Nießner, M., Valgaerts, L., Stamminger, M., Theobalt, C.: Real-time expression transfer for facial reenactment. ACM Trans. Graph. 34(6), 183:1–183:14 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2816795.2818056
Xu, S., Huang, H., Hu, S., Liu, W.: FaceShapeGene: a disentangled shape representation for flexible face image editing. CoRR abs/1905.01920 (2019)
Xu, T., et al.: AttnGAN: fine-grained text to image generation with attentional generative adversarial networks. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 18–22 June 2018 [2], pp. 1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00143
Yi, R., Liu, Y., Lai, Y., Rosin, P.L.: APDrawingGAN: generating artistic portrait drawings from face photos with hierarchical GANs. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16–20 June 2019, pp. 10743–10752. Computer Vision Foundation/IEEE (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2019.01100
Yin, W., Liu, Z., Loy, C.C.: Instance-level facial attributes transfer with geometry-aware flow. In: The Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2019, The Thirty-First Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2019, The Ninth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2019, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 27 January–1 February 2019, pp. 9111–9118. AAAI Press (2019). https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019111. https://www.aaai.org/Library/AAAI/aaai19contents.php
Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Lin, M., Sun, J.: ShuffleNet: an extremely efficient convolutional neural network for mobile devices. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 18–22 June 2018 [2], pp. 6848–6856
Zhao, C., Ni, B., Zhang, J., Zhao, Q., Zhang, W., Tian, Q.: Variational convolutional neural network pruning. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, 16–20 June 2019 [3], pp. 2780–2789
Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., Efros, A.A.: Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2017, Venice, Italy, 22–29 October 2017, pp. 2242–2251. IEEE Computer Society (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.244. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/8234942/proceeding
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Science Foundation of China (61976137, U1611461, U19B2035) and STCSM(18DZ1112300).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chen, X. et al. (2020). CooGAN: A Memory-Efficient Framework for High-Resolution Facial Attribute Editing. In: Vedaldi, A., Bischof, H., Brox, T., Frahm, JM. (eds) Computer Vision – ECCV 2020. ECCV 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12356. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58621-8_39
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58621-8_39
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58620-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58621-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)