Skip to main content

Applying Class-to-Class Siamese Networks to Explain Classifications with Supportive and Contrastive Cases

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development (ICCBR 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 12311))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Case-based classification is normally based on similarity between a query and class members in the case base. This paper proposes a difference-based approach, class-to-class siamese network (C2C-SN) classification, in which classification is based on learning patterns of both similarity and difference between classes. A C2C-SN learns patterns from one class \(C_i\) to another class \(C_j\). The network can then be used, given two cases, to determine whether their similarity and difference conform to the learned patterns. If they do, it provides evidence for their belonging to the corresponding classes. We demonstrate the use of C2C-SNs for classification, explanation, and prototypical case finding. We demonstrate that C2C-SN classification can achieve good accuracy for case pairs, with the benefit of one-shot learning inherited from siamese networks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ashley, K., Rissland, E.: Compare and contrast, a test of expertise. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI, pp. 273–284. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bareiss, R.: Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition: A Unified Approach to Concept Representation, Classification, and Learning. Academic Press, San Diego (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Bromley, J., et al.: Signature verification using a siamese time delay neural network. Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell. 7(04), 669–688 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bromley, J., Guyon, I., LeCun, Y., Säckinger, E., Shah, R.: Signature verification using a “siamese” time delay neural network. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS 1993, pp. 737–744. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chollet, F., et al.: MNIST siamese (2015), code retrieved from keras.io. https://keras.io/examples/mnist_siamese/

  6. Cunningham, P., Doyle, D., Loughrey, J.: An evaluation of the usefulness of case-based explanation. In: Ashley, K.D., Bridge, D.G. (eds.) ICCBR 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2689, pp. 122–130. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45006-8_12

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Doyle, D., Cunningham, P., Bridge, D., Rahman, Y.: Explanation oriented retrieval. In: Funk, P., González Calero, P.A. (eds.) ECCBR 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3155, pp. 157–168. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28631-8_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Gunning, D., Aha, D.W.: DARPA’s explainable artificial intelligence program. AI Mag. 40(2), 44–58 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hadsell, R., Chopra, S., LeCun, Y.: Dimensionality reduction by learning an invariant mapping. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2006, vol. 2, p. 17351742. IEEE Computer Society, USA (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kapetanakis, S., Martin, K., Wijekoon, A., Amin, K., Massie, S. (eds.): Proceedings of the ICCBR-19 Case Based Reasoning and Deep Learning Workshop CBRDL-19 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bach, K., Marling, C. (eds.): ICCBR 2019. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11680. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29249-2

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Keane, M.T., Kenny, E.M.: How case based reasoning explained neural networks: an XAI survey of post-hoc explanation-by-example in ANN-CBR twins. CoRR arxiv:1905.07186 (2019)

  13. Koch, G., Zemel, R., Salakhutdinov, R.: Siamese neural networks for one-shot image recognition. In: ICML 2015 Deep Learning Workshop (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Leake, D.: CBR in context: the present and future. In: Leake, D. (ed.) Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future Directions, pp. 3–30. AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Leake, D., Birnbaum, L., Hammond, K., Marlow, C., Yang, H.: An integrated interface for proactive, experience-based design support. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 101–108 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  16. de Mántaras, R.L., et al.: Retrieval, reuse, revision, and retention in CBR. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 20(3), 215–240 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Marchiori, E.: Class dependent feature weighting and k-nearest neighbor classification. In: Ngom, A., Formenti, E., Hao, J.-K., Zhao, X.-M., van Laarhoven, T. (eds.) PRIB 2013. LNCS, vol. 7986, pp. 69–78. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39159-0_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Martin, K., Wiratunga, N., Sani, S., Massie, S., Clos, J.: A convolutional siamese network for developing similarity knowledge in the selfback dataset. In: ICCBR (Workshops) (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mathisen, B.M., Aamodt, A., Bach, K., Langseth, H.: Learning similarity measures from data. Prog. Artif. Intell. 9(2), 129–143 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-019-00201-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Nugent, C., Doyle, D., Cunningham, P.: Gaining insight through case-based explanation. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 32, 267–295 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Research, Z.: Fashion MNIST (2020), data retrieved from Kaggle. https://www.kaggle.com/zalando-research/fashionmnist

  22. Tversky, A.: Features of similarity. Psychol. Rev. 84(4), 327–352 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wettschereck, D., Aha, D., Mohri, T.: A review and empirical evaluation of feature-weighting methods for a class of lazy learning algorithms. Artif. Intell. Rev. 11(1–5), 273–314 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ye, X.: The enemy of my enemy is my friend: class-to-class weighting in k-nearest neighbors algorithm. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, FLAIRS, vol. 2018, pp. 389–394 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ye, X.: C2C trace retrieval: fast classification using class-to-class weighting. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, FLAIRS, vol. 2019, pp. 353–358 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This material is based upon work supported in part by the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research under award number N00014-19-1-2655.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaomeng Ye .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Ye, X., Leake, D., Huibregtse, W., Dalkilic, M. (2020). Applying Class-to-Class Siamese Networks to Explain Classifications with Supportive and Contrastive Cases. In: Watson, I., Weber, R. (eds) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. ICCBR 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12311. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58342-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58342-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58341-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58342-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics