Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been reported since the discovery of antibiotics; the microorganisms which have been exposed to antibiotics are continuously and rapidly evolving to overcome the effect of antimicrobial agents. This has made antimicrobial resistance a major public health issue. In order to overcome antimicrobial resistance, various alternatives are being explored; this includes the utilization of plant essential oils, which are mixtures of secondary metabolites produced by plants that have antimicrobial activity. Essential oils have proven to be effective against various pathogens such as, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and others.
This chapter aims to briefly discuss resistance mechanisms employed by microorganisms and alternative methods used to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Then, the chemistry of essential oils and the effects these essential oils have on the genomes and proteomes of the treated microorganisms has also been reviewed. These essential oils should be further explored in the future to examine their toxicity and side effects through in vitro and clinical studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdulhasan GA (2017) Synergism effect of rosemary essential oil and some antibiotic against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical samples. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 12(02):39–42. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1202033942
Aljaafari M, Alhosani M, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Lim SHE (2019) Essential oils: partnering with antibiotics. In: El-Shemy H (ed) Essential oils-oils of nature. InTechOpen, p 13. https://doi.org/10.5772/57353
Allard ME, Katseres J (2018) Using essential oils to enhance nursing practice and for self-care. Nurse Pract 43(5):39–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000531915.69268.8f
Álvarez-Cisneros YM, Ponce-Alquicira E (2018) Antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria. In: Kumar Y (ed) Antimicrobial resistance-a global threat. InTechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80624
Aminov RI (2010) A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future. Front Microbiol 1(DEC):1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134
Andrei S, Valeanu L, Chirvasuta R, Stefan MG (2018) New FDA approved antibacterial drugs: 2015-2017. Discoveries 6(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.15190/d.2018.1
Ashakirin SN, Tripathy M, Patil UK, Majed ABA (2017) Chemistry and bioactivity of cinnamaldehyde: a natural molecule of medicinal importance. Int J Pharm Sci Res 8(6):2333–2340. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(6).2333-40
Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH, Nisar MA, Alvi RF, Aslam MA, Qamar MU, Salamat MKQ, Baloch Z (2018) Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist 11:1645–1658. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S173867
Astani A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P (2011) Screening for antiviral activities of isolated compounds from essential oils. Evid Based Complement Alter Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep187
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M (2008) Biological effects of essential oils – a review. Food Chem Toxicol 46(2):446–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
Benzaid C, Belmadani A, Djeribi R, Rouabhia M (2019) The effects of mentha × piperita essential oil on C. albicans growth, transition, biofilm formation, and the expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases genes. Antibiotics 8(10):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010010
Berdichevsky, T., Friedberg, D., Nadler, C., Rokney A., Oppenheim, A. and Rosenshine, I. (2005) ‘Ler is a negative autoregulator of the LEE1 operon in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.’, J Bacteriol Am Soc Microbiol, 187(1), pp. 349–357. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.1.349-357.2005
Bokov DO, Morokhina SL, Popov DM (2015) Phytochemical study of essential oil from Turkish oregano (Origanum Onites L.) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharm Chem J 49(4):259–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-015-1267-z
Božik M, Cejnar P, Šašková M, Nový P, Maršík P, Klouček P (2018) Stress response of Escherichia coli to essential oil components-insights on low-molecular-weight proteins from MALDI-TOF. Nature 8(13042). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31255-2
Breidenstein EBM, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Hancock REW (2011) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: all roads lead to resistance. Trends Microbiol 19(8):419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.04.005
Bush K, Jacoby GA (2010) Updated functional classification of-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(3):969–976. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01009-09
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance | CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/. Accessed 7 Apr 2019
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) CDC Global Health – infographics – antibiotic resistance. The Global Threat. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/infographics/antibiotic-resistance/antibiotic_resistance_global_threat.htm. Accessed: 29 Mar 2019
Chakraborty AK (2017) Mechanisms of AMR: Bacteria won the battle against antibiotics. Insights Biomed 2(4):18. https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-5610.100034
Chamosa LS, Álvarez VE, Nardelli M, Quiroga MP, Cassini MH, Centrón D (2017) Lateral antimicrobial resistance genetic transfer is active in the open environment. Nature Sci Rep 7(513). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00600-2
Císarová M, Tančinová D, Medo J, Kačániová M (2016) The in vitro effect of selected essential oils on the growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus species. J Environ Sci Health Part B Pest Food Contaminants Agric Wastes 51(10):668–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1191887
Clokie MR, Millard AD, Letarov AV, Heaphy S (2011) Phages in nature. Bacteriophage. Taylor & Francis 1(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.4161/bact.1.1.14942
Correa MS, Schwambach J, Mann MB, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG (2019) Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil from dried leaves of Eucalyptus staigeriana. Pharmacology 86:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000202018
Costerton W, Veeh R, Shirtliff M, Pasmore M, Post C, Ehrlich G (2003) The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections. J Clin Investig 112(10):1466–1477. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI20365
Davies J, Davies D (2010) Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74(3):417–433. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
Deng H, McShan D, Zhang Y, Sinha SS, Arslan Z, Ray PC, Yu H (2016) Mechanistic study of the synergistic antibacterial activity of combined silver nanoparticles and common antibiotics graphical abstract HHS Public Access Author manuscript. Environ Sci Technol 50(16):8840–8848. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00998
Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review. Medicines 3(25):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040025
Doménech-Sánchez A, Martínez-Martínez L, Hernández-Allés S, Conejo MDC, Pascual Á, Tomás JM, Albertí S, Benedí VJ (2003) Role of Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK35 porin in antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47(10):3332–3335. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.10.3332-3335.2003
Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis. Available at http://www.microbelibrary.org/. Accessed 24 Apr 2019
Elyemni M, Louaste B, Nechad I, Elkamli T, Bouia A, Taleb M, Chaouch M, Eloutassi N (2019) Extraction of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. by two different methods: hydrodistillation and microwave assisted hydrodistillation. Sci World J 2019:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3659432
Etebu E, Arikekpar I (2016) Antibiotics: classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives. Int J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Res 4:90–101
Fischbach MA (2011) Combination therapies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 14(5):519–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.08.003
Fürstenberg-Hägg J, Zagrobelny M, Bak S (2013) Plant defense against insect herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 14(5):10242–10297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510242
Hancock RE, Chapple DS (1999) ‘Peptide antibiotics.’, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. Am Soc Microbiol J 43(6):1317–1323. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.6.1317
Hasdemir UO, Chevalier J, Nordmann P, Pagès JM (2004) Detection and prevalence of active drug efflux mechanism in various multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from Turkey. J Clin Microbiol 42(6):2701–2706. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.6.2701-2706.2004
Hollenbeck BL, Rice LB (2012) Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence 3(5):421–569. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.21282
Hong DJ, Bae IK, Jang IH, Jeong SH, Kang HK, Lee K (2015) Epidemiology and characteristics of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Chemother. Korean Soc Infect Dis 47(2):81–97. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.81
Hughes G, Webber MA (2017) Novel approaches to the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections. Br J Pharmacol 174(14):2237–2246. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13706
Isman MB, Wilson JA, Bradbury R (2008) Insecticidal activities of commercial rosemary oils (Rosmarinus officinalis.) against larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta. and Trichoplusia ni. in relation to their chemical compositions. Pharm Biol 46(1–2):82–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701734661
Jahanshiri Z, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Allameh A, Razzaghi-Abyanneh M (2015) Inhibitory effect of eugenol on aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus parasiticus by downregulating the expression of major genes in the toxin biosynthetic pathway. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. Springer Netherlands 31(7):1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1857-7
Karaman, D. Ş., Manner, S., Fallarero, A. and Rosenholm, J.M.(2017) ‘Current approaches for exploration of nanoparticles as antibacterial agents’, in Kumavath, RN. (ed.) Antibacterial agents. InTechOpen, pp. 61–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/68138
Kato A, Chen HD, Latifi T, Groisman EA (2012) Reciprocal control between a bacterium’s regulatory system and the modification status of its lipopolysaccharide. Mol Cell 47(6):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.017
Khajuria A, Praharaj AK, Kumar M, Grover N (2013) Emergence of NDM – 1 in the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in India. J Clin Diagnostic Res: JCDR. JCDR Research & Publications Private Limited 7(7):1328–1331. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/5509.3137
Koley H, Howlader DR, Bhaumik U (2019) Assessment of antimicrobial activity of different phytochemicals against enteric diseases in different animal models. New Look Phytomed Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814619-4.00022-7
Kostyanev T, Can F (2017) The global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial Stewardship. Academic Press 1:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810477-4.00001-5
Kovács JK, Felső P, Horváth G, Schmidt J, Dorn Á, Ábráham H, Cox A, Márk L, Emődy L, Kovács T, Schneider G (2019) Stress response and virulence potential modulating effect of peppermint essential oil in Campylobacter jejuni. BioMed Res Int. Hindawi 2019:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2971741
Kumar M, Curtis A, Hoskins C (2018) Application of nanoparticle technologies in the combat against anti-microbial resistance. Pharmaceutics 10(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10010011
Lahlou M (2004) Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytother Res 18(6):435–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1465
Lambert PA (2002) Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J R Soc Med. Royal Society of Medicine Press 95(41):22–26. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12216271. Accessed: 23 Apr 2019
Langeveld WT, Veldhuizen EJA, Burt SA (2014) Synergy between essential oil components and antibiotics: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 40(1):76–94. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.763219
Leclercq R (2002) Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 34(4):482–492. https://doi.org/10.1086/324626
Loolaie M, Moasefi N, Rasouli H, Adibi H (2017) Peppermint and its functionality: a review. Arch Clin Microbiol 08(04):1–16. https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100053
Lund PA (2001) Microbial molecular chaperones. Adv Microbial Physiol 44:93–140. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11407116. Accessed: 30 Apr 2019
Ly-Chatain MH (2014) The factors affecting effectiveness of treatment in phages therapy. Front Microbiol 5(51). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00051
Mahboubi M, Kazempour N (2014) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 36(1):83–87
Mahizan NA, Yang SK, Moo CL, Song AAL, Chong CM, Chong CW, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2019) Terpene derivatives as a potential agent against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens. Molecules 24(14):1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142631
Mellies JL, Benison G, McNitt W, Mavor D, Boniface C, Larabee FJ (2011) Ler of pathogenic Escherichia coli forms toroidal protein-DNA complexes. Microbiology. Microbiology Society 157(4):1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.046094-0
Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM (1999) Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43(4):727–737. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.4.727
Mith H, Clinquart A, Zhiri A, Daube G, Delcenserie V (2015) The impact of oregano (Origanum heracleoticum) essential oil and carvacrol on virulence gene transcription by Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol Lett. Narnia 362(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnu021
Moghaddam M, Mehdizadeh L (2017) Chemistry of essential oils and factors influencing their constituents. Soft Chem Food Ferment. Elsevier Inc:379–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811412-4/00013-8
Moo CL, Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Thomas W, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2019) Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and alternative approaches to overcome AMR. Curr Drug Discov Technol 16. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666190304122219
Moo CL, Yang SK, Osman MA, Yuswan MH, Loh JY, Lim WM, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2020) Antibacterial activity and mode of action of β-caryophyllene on Bacillus cereus. Polish J Microbiol 69(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-007
Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD (2011) Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol. Elsevier Ltd 56(9):907–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.005
Morsy, N. F. S. (2017) ‘Chemical structure, quality indicces and bioactivity of essential oil constituents’, El-Shemy, H. (ed.) Active ingredients from aromatic and medicinal plants. InTechOpen, pp. 175–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/67161
Munita JM, Arias CA (2016) Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Spectr 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015
Myszka K, Schmidt MT, Majcher M, Juzwa W, Olkowicz M, Czaczyk K (2016) Inhibition of quorum sensing-related biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescens KM121 by Thymus vulgare essential oil and its major bioactive compounds. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 114:252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.07.006
Namvar AE, Asghari B, Ezzatifar F, Azizi G, Lari AR (2013) Detection of the intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ica) in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. GMS Hygiene Infect Control. German Medical Science 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000203
Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Martino LD, Coppola R, De Feo V (2013) Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 6(12):1451–1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451
Nishino K, Hsu FF, Turk J, Cromie MJ, Wösten MMSM, Groisman EA (2006) Identification of the lipopolysaccharide modifications controlled by the Salmonella PmrA/PmrB system mediating resistance to Fe(III) and Al(III). Mol Microbiol 61(3):645–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05273.x
Nuñez L, D’Aquino M (2012) Microbicide activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata). Braz J Microbiol 43(4):1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822012000400003
Nuryastuti T, Van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Iravati S, Aman AT, Krom BP (2009) Effect of cinnamon oil on icaA expression and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(21):6850–6855. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00875-09
Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin TJ, Cheng Z (2019) Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnol Adv 37(1):177–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
Paraje MG (2011) Antimicrobial resistance in biofilms. Available at: http://www.formatex.info/microbiology3/book/736-744.pdf. Accessed: 21 Apr 2019
Patel R (2005) Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000175714.68624.74
Perry JA, Wright GD (2013) The antibiotic resistance “mobilome”: searching for the link between environment and clinic. Front Microbiol. Frontiers 4(138). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00138
Quintas V, Prada-López I, Donos N, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Tomás I (2015) Antiplaque effect of essential oils and 0.2% chlorhexidine on an in situ model of oral biofilm growth: a randomised clinical trial. PLoS One 10(2):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117177
Raeisi M, Tajik H, Yarahmadi A, Sanginabadi S (2015) Antimicrobial effect of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Health Scope 4(4). https://doi.org/10.17795/jhealthscope-21808
Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME (2010) Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy. NIH Public Access 13(6):151–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2010.08.003
Schelz Z, Molnar J, Hohmann J (2006) Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils. Fitoterapia 77(4):279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.03.013
Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J (2007) Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51(5):1859–1862. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00426-06
Semeniuc CA, Pop CR, Rotar AM (2017) Antibacterial activity and interactions of plant essential oil combinations against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Food Drug Anal 25(2):403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.002
Sharifi-Rad J, Sureda A, Tenore GC, Daglia M, Sharifi-Rad M, Valussi M, Tundis R, Sharifi-Rad M, Loizzo MR, Ademiluyi AO, Sharifi-Rad R, Ayatollahi SA, Iriti M (2017) Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules 22(70):1–55. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010070
Shin S (2005) Anti-Salmonella activity of lemongrass oil alone and in combination with antibiotics. Natural Product Sciences, pp:160–164
Sienkiewicz M, Łysakowska M, Denys P, Kowalczyk E (2012) The antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil against multidrug resistant clinical bacterial strains. Microb Drug Resist 18(2):137–148. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2011.0080
Sienkiewicz M, Łysakowska M, Pastuszka M, Bienias W, Kowalczyk E (2013) The potential of use basil and rosemary essential oils as effective antibacterial agents. Molecules 18:9334–9351. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089334
Souza EL, Stamford TLM, Lima EO, Trajano VN (2007) Effectiveness of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of food spoiling yeasts. Food Control 18:409–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.11.008
Stintzi A (2003) Gene expression profile of Campylobacter jejuni in response to growth temperature variation. J Bacteriol. Am Soc Microbiol (ASM) 185(6):2009–2016. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.6.2009-2016.2003
Stokes HW, Gillings MR (2011) Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35(5):790–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00273.x
Sun J, Deng Z, Yan A (2014) Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacological exploitations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 453(2):254–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.090
Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR (2016) Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action : an updated review. Evid Based Complement Alter Med. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3012462
Tiwari B, Valdramidis VP, Donnell CPO, Muthukumarappan K, Bourke P, Cullen PJ (2009) Application of natural antimicrobials for food preservation. J Agric Food Chem 57(14):5987–6000. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900668n
Vaara M, Nurminen M (1999) Outer membrane permeability barrier in Escherichia coli mutants that are defective in the late acyltransferases of Lipid A biosynthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89296/pdf/ac001459.pdf. Accessed: 29 Apr 2019
Varijakzhan D, Chong CM, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Lim SHE (2020) Middle eastern plant extracts: an alternative to modern medicine problems. Molecules 25:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051126
Velkov T, Thompson PE, Nation RL, Li J (2010) Structure-activity relationships of polymyxin antibiotics. J Med Chem 53(5):1898–1916. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm900999h
Ventola CL (2015) The antibiotic resistance crisis Part 1: causes and threats. 40(4):277–283. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521/
Vuong C, Kocianova S, Voyich JM, Yao Y, Fischer ER, Deleo FR, Otto M (2004) A crucial role for exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation, immune evasion, and virulence. Biol Chem. JBC Papers in Press 279(52):54881–54886. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M411374200
Wang L, Rothemund D, Curd H, Reeves PR (2000) Sequence diversity of the Escherichia coli H7 fliC genes: implication for a DNA-based typing scheme for E. coli O157:H7. J Clin Microbiol 38(5):1786–1790. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC86588/pdf/jm001786.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2019
Wang G, Clark CG, Rodgers FG (2002) Detection in Escherichia coli of the genes encoding the major virulence factors, the genes defining the O157:H7 serotype, and components of the type 2 Shiga toxin family by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. Am Soc Microbiol (ASM) 40(10):3613–3619. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.10.3613-3619.2002
Waters EM, Neill DR, Kaman B, Sahota JS, Clokie MRJ, Winstanley C, Kadioglu A (2017) Phage therapy is highly effective against chronic lung infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thorax 72:666–667. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209265
Wehrli W, Staehelin M (1971) Actions of the rifamycins. Bacteriol Rev 35(3):290–309. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5001420%0A, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC378391
World Health Organization (2017) What is antimicrobial resistance? WHO. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/features/qa/75/en/. Accessed: 30 Apr 2019
Xu J, Zhou F, Ji BP, Pei RS, Xu N (2008) The antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 47(10.1111):174–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02407.x
Yang SK, Yusoff K, Mai CW, Lim WM, Yap WS, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2017) Additivity vs. synergism: investigation of the additive interaction of cinnamon bark oil and meropenem in combinatory therapy. Molecules 22(11):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111733
Yang SK, Low LY, Yap PSX, Yusoff K, Mai CW, Lai KS, Lim SHE (2018a) Plant-derived antimicrobials: insights into mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Rec Nat Prod 12(4):295–316. https://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.41.17.09.058
Yang SK, Polly SXY, Krishnan T, Yusoff K, Chan KG, Yap WS, Lai KS, Lim SHE (2018b) Mode of action: synergistic interaction of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. Carl) essential oil and meropenem against plasmid-mediated resistant E. coli. Rec Nat Prod 12(6):582–594. https://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.59.17.12.078
Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Thomas W, Abushelaibi A, Akseer R, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2019) Disruption of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae membrane via induction of oxidative stress by cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) essential oil. PLoS One 14(4):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214326
Yang SK, Yusoff K, Thomas W, Akseer R, Alhosani MS, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Lai KS (2020) Lavender essential oil induces oxidative stress which modifies the bacterial membrane permeability of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 10(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55601-0
Yanishlieva NV, Marinova E, Pokorný J (2006) Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600127
Yap PSX, Yiap BC, Ping HC, Lim SHE (2014) Essential oils, a new horizon in combating bacterial antibiotic resistance. Open Microbiol J 8(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801408010006
Yap, P. S. X., Yang, S.K., Lai, K.S. and Lim, S.H.E. (2017) Essential oils: the ultimate solution to antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli?’, In Samie, A. (ed.) Escherichia coli – recent advances on physiology, pathogenesis and biotechnological applications. InTechOpen, pp. 299–313. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/57353
Yu J, Chang PK, Ehrlich KC, Cary JW, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Payne GA, Linz JE, Woloshuk CP, Bennett JW (2004) Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(3):1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.3.1253-1262.2004
Yu Z, Qin W, Lin J, Fang S, Qiu J (2014) Antibacterial mechanisms of polymyxin and bacterial resistance. BioMed Res Int. Hindawi 2015:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/679109
Yu Z, Tang J, Khare T, Kumar V (2019) The alarming antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPEE pathogens: Can essential oils come to the rescue? Fitoterapia. Elsevier 140(October 2019):104433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133588
Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Evans WB, Ebelhar MW, Coker C (2008) Yield and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum sanctum L. grown at four locations. HortScience 43(3):737–741. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.3.737
Zuzarte M, Salgueiro L (2015) Essential oils chemistry. In: de Sousa DP (ed) Bioactive essential oils and cancer. Springer, pp 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19144-7
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge Higher College of Technologies (HCT) Interdisciplinary Grant 1319 for supporting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varijakzhan, D. et al. (2021). Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. In: Panwar, H., Sharma, C., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 49. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58259-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58259-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58258-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58259-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)