Skip to main content

Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas

Abstract

This section presents discussions and recommendations for developing conservation strategy action plans for those critically endangered, endangered, under-represented, or lesser known species of wildlife species of animals. The information conveyed is largely derived from the results of various gap analyses of threatened species in Chap. 5 of this book. However, this chapter does not discuss those conservation strategies of wildlife species of animals already in place; the recommendation of conservation strategies for plant and other species is provided in Chaps. 7 and 8.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. NCD – Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forest and Park Services. MOAF, RGOB. http://www.dofps.gov.bt/?page_id=148

  2. RGOB (1995) Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan. DOF, MOA, RGOB

    Google Scholar 

  3. RGOB (2017) Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations of Bhutan. DOFPS, MOAF, RGOB

    Google Scholar 

  4. RGOB (2000) Environment Assessment Act of Bhutan. NECS, RGOB

    Google Scholar 

  5. RGOB (2003) Biodiversity Act of Bhutan. NBC, MoA, RGOB

    Google Scholar 

  6. RGOB (2007) National Environment Protection Act of Bhutan

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. NBC, MOAF, Serbithang

    Google Scholar 

  8. NCD (2018) Tiger Action Plan for Bhutan (2018–2023): a landscape approach to tiger conservation. Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan

    Google Scholar 

  9. NCD (2019a) Snow Leopard Action Plan for Bhutan (2018–2023): a climate integrated landscape approach to snow leopard conservation. Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan

    Google Scholar 

  10. NCD (2019b) Elephant Action Plan for Bhutan (2018–2028). Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan

    Google Scholar 

  11. NCD (2019c) Red Panda Conservation Action Plan (2018–2023): ensuring the future of red panda landscapes through national and regional collaboration. Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan

    Google Scholar 

  12. DOFP (2019) Field study on musk deer and its conservation strategy in Wangchuck Centennial National Park; Department of Forest and Park Services Ministry of Agriculture and Forest Nasiphel, Bumthang, Bhutan. ISBN-978-99936-678-9-6. http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Field-Study-on-Musk-Deer-Its-Conservation-Strategy-in-Wangchuck-Centennial-National-Park.pdf

  13. Hua L, Gong S, Wang F, Li W, Ge Y, Li X, Hou F (2015) Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects. ZooKeys 507:99–114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.6970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. NBC, MOAF, Serbithang

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dorji D (2017) Distribution, habitat use, threats and conservation of the critically endangered Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in Samtse District, Bhutan; District Forest Office, Samtse Department of Forest and Park Services Ministry of Agriculture and Forest; The Rufford Foundation

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gaubert P, Antunes A (2005) Assessing the taxonomic status of the Palawan pangolin Manis culionensis (Pholidota) using discrete morphological characters. J Mammal 86(6):10681074. https://doi.org/10.1644/15451542(2005)86[1068:ATTSOT]2.0.CO2(2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. DOFPS (2018) Critically endangered Chinese pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla) rescued and released into natural habitat in Tsirang. Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest; Royal Government of Bhutan. http://www.dofps.gov.bt/?p=1326. (21)

  18. Tshewang U (2019) Personal communication with Park Manager. Jomotshangkha Wildlife Sanctuary, NCD, MOAF, RGOB

    Google Scholar 

  19. MOA (2019) Rescued Pangolin released on the International Biodiversity Day. Ministry of Agriculture and Bhutan. http://www.moaf.gov.bt/rescued-pangolin-released-on-the-international-biodiversity-day/. May 22 2019

  20. D’Cruze N, Singh B, Mookerjee A, Harrington LA, Macdonald DW (2018) A socio-economic survey of pangolin hunting in Assam, Northeast India. Nat Conserv 30:83–105. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.30.27379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Oliver WLR (1980) The Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog, Sus (Porcula) salvanius, and the Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus. Special scientific report no. 1. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  22. Narayan G, Deka PJ (2013) Conservation Program of Pygmy Hog: conservation breeding & reintroduction of critically endangered pygmy hog (Porcula Salvania). Ecosystems India

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dorji T (2013) Assessing Population Status of Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvinia) in Royal Manas National Park and Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary, The Rufford Foundation. https://www.rufford.org/projects/tshering_dorji

  24. Wangchuk T, Thinley P, Tshering K, Tshering C, Yonten D, Pema B, Wangchuk SA (2004) Field guide to the mammals of Bhutan. Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dendup P, Namgay, Choki L (2018) Winter distribution and poaching of musk deer, Moschus chrysogaster and Moschus leucogaster in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan. Int J Conserv Sci 9(1):193–198

    Google Scholar 

  26. Aryal A, Shrestha TK, Ram A, Frey W, Groves C, Hemmer H, Dhakal M, Koirala RK, Heinen J, Raubenheimer D (2019) Call to conserve the wild water buffalo (Bubalus Arnee) in Nepal. Int J Conserv Sci 2(4), October–December 2011: 261–268. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235745768_Call_to_Conserve_the_Wild_Water_Buffalo_Bubalus_Arnee_in_Nepal. Accessed 1 Nov 2019

  27. Wangdi T, Tobgay A, Dorjee K, Dorji K, Wangyel S (2019) The distribution, status and conservation of the Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary. Glob Ecol Conserv 17:e00466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00466

  28. Homes V (1999) On the scent: conserving musk deer – the uses of musk and Europe’s role in its trade. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  29. Musk Deer Farm – Uttarakhand. https://www.ixigo.com/musk-deer-farm-uttarakhand-india-ne-3019607

  30. Parry-Jones R, Wu JY (2001) Musk deer farming as a conservation tool in China. TRRAFFIC East Asia

    Google Scholar 

  31. Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute: Dhole Conservation in Southeast Asia. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/center-for-species-survival/dhole-conservation-southeast-asia

  32. Srivasthsa A, Karanth KU, Kumar NS et al (2019) Insights from distribution dynamics inform strategies to conserve a dhole Cuon alpinus metapopulation in India. Sci Rep 9:3081. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39293-0

  33. Namgyal C, Thinley P (2017) Distribution and habitat use of the endangered Dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (Mammalia: Canidae) in Jigme Dorji National Park, Western Bhutan. J Threat Taxa 9(9):10649–10655. www.threatenedtaxa.org

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Wangchuk T (2004) Predator-prey dynamics: The role of predators in the control of problem species. J Bhutan Stud 10:68–89

    Google Scholar 

  35. Thinley P, Kamler JF, Wang SW, Lham K, Stenkewitz U, Macdonald DW (2011) Seasonal diet of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in northwestern Bhutan. Mamm Biol 76(4):518–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2011.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Srivathsa A, Karanth KK, Jathanna D, Kumar NS, Karanth KU (2014) On a dhole trail: examining ecological and anthropogenic correlates of dhole habitat occupancy in the Western Ghats of India. PLoS One 9:e98803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wangchuk T (2005) The evolution, phylogeography, and conservation of the Golden Langur (Trachypithecus Geei) in Bhutan. Doctor of Philosophy

    Google Scholar 

  38. Horwich RH, Das R, Bose A (2013) Conservation and the current status of the Golden Langur in Assam, India, with reference to Bhutan. Primate Conserv 27:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.027.0104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Choudhury A (2008) Primates of Bhutan and observations of hybrid Langurs. Primate Conserv 23(1):65–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wangchuk T (2008) Conservation of Golden Langur and Capped Langur in Bhutan. Location: corridor linking Thrumshingla National Park with Royal Manas National Park, and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?145444/Conservation-of-Golden-Langur-and-Capped-Langur-in-Bhutan

  41. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal (2019) NBC, Serbithang

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tobgay S, Dorji K, Yangdon N (2019) Sighting of Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala Sinha et al., 2005 (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan. J Threat Taxa 11(6). https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3332.11.6.13805-13807

  43. Sinha A, Datta A, Madhusudan MD, Mishra C (2005) Macaca munzala: a new species from western Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Int J Primatol 26(4):977–988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sengupta A, McConkey KR, Radhakrishna S (2015) Primates, provisioning and plants: impacts of human cultural behaviours on primate ecological functions. PLoS One 10(11):e0140961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Rai S (2016) Habitat assessment and determination of potential anthropogenic threats of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) in Southern Foothills of Bhutan, The Rufford Foundation. https://www.rufford.org/projects/sunita_rai

  46. Nedup T (2019) Endangered Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus-Pearson 1839) in the Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan. Bhutan J Ecol Soc. Issue 3/2018. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330113394_Endangered_Hispid_Hare_Caprolagus_hispidus-Pearson_1839_in_the_Royal_Manas_National_Park_Bhutan. Accessed 31 Oct 31 2019

  47. Chapman AJ, Flux ECJ (1990) IUCN/SSC Lagomorph Specialist Group. 1990 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan of Rabbits, Hares and Pikas IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Printed by Information Press, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  48. List of Mammals in Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary. NCD/DOFPS/MOAF

    Google Scholar 

  49. List of Mammals in Royal Manas National Park. NCD/DOFPS/MOAF

    Google Scholar 

  50. Iqbal M, Prince A, Khan MA, Nayyer AQ, Akhtar M (2013) Population status of hog deer from Narowal, Pakistan. Int Res J Biol Sci 2(7):19–24. ISSN:2278-3202

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sangay Nidup (2016) Habitat selection and conservation threats to endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) in the Buffer Zone of Royal Manas National Park (RMNP), Bhutan. Rufford Foundation. https://www.rufford.org/projects/sanga_nidup

  52. Lahkar D, Ahmed M, Begum R, Das SK, Prasad B, Sarma HK, Harihar A (2017) Camera-trapping survey to assess diversity, distribution and photographic capture rate of terrestrial mammals in the aftermath of the ethnopolitical conflict in Manas National Park, Assam, India. J Threat Taxa 10(8):12008–12017. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4039.10.8.12008-12017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hill E, Linacre A, Toop S, Murphy N, Strugnell J (2019) Widespread hybridization in the introduced hog deer population of Victoria, Australia, and its implications for conservation. Ecol Evol 9:10828–10842. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5603

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Hedges S, Sagar Baral H, Timmins RJ, Duckworth JW (2008) Bubalus arnee (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T3129A128960945. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3129A9615891.en. Downloaded on 01 November 2019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Choudhury A (2010) The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India

    Google Scholar 

  56. Wild Water Buffalo: Wild Cattle Conservation. http://www.wildcattleconservation.org/SpeciesFactSheets/BubalusArnee.html

  57. Aryal A, Bhatta KP (2019) Mapping and analysis of the Himalayan musk deer habitat in Annapurna Conservation Area. J Wildl Biodivers 3(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2019.97809.1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Choudhury A (2010) The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India. Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J, Vaissière BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol Econ 68(3):810–821. Oryx 28:70–73

    Google Scholar 

  59. Flamand JRB, Vankan D, Gairhe KP, Duong H, Barker JSF (2003) Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal. Anim Conserv 6:265–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Tshering S (2017) Documenting bat diversity with focus on habitat preference and capacity building to conserve Blandford’s fruit bat (Sphaerias Blanfordi) in Chukha, Bhutan. Roufford Foundation. https://www.rufford.org/files/19796-1%20poster.pdf

  61. Dorji GK (2009) Mapping the small mammals. Kuenselonline, September 11, 2009. http://www.bridgetobhutan.com/blog/2009/09/mapping-the-small-mammals/

  62. “Chiroptera” Encyclopaedia Britannica 6, 11th edn. 1911, pp 239–247

  63. Makanya AN, Mortola JP (2007) The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange. J Anat 211(6):687–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2013. Available online: iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 26 Mar 2013

  65. Welch JN, Beaulieu JM (2018) Predicting extinction risk for data deficient bats. Diversity 10:63. https://doi.org/10.3390/d10030063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Tobias M, Morisson J (2019) Personal experiences on White Nose Syndrome of Bats in UU

    Google Scholar 

  67. Schnitzler HU, Moss CF, Denzinger A (2003) From spatial orientation to food acquisition in echolocating bats. TREE 18:386–394

    Google Scholar 

  68. Jones G, Teeling EC (2006) The evolution of echolocation in bats. TREE 21:149–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Inge S et al (2012) Genome analysis reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the Brandt’s bat Myotis brandtii. Nat Commun 4:22. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Schnitzler HU, Kalko EKV (2001) Echolocation by insect-eating bats. Bioscience 51:557–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Anthony ELP, Kunz TH (1977) Feeding strategies of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) in Southern New Hampshire. Ecology 58:775–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Kurta A, Whitaker JO Jr (1998) Diet of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) on the northern edge of its range. Am Midl Nat 140(2):280–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lacki MJ, Johnson JS, Dodd LE, Baker MD (2007) Prey consumption of insectivorous bats in coniferous forests of North-Central Idaho. Northwest Sci 81(3):199–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ancillotto L, Serangeli MT, Russo D (2013) Curiosity killed the bat: domestic cats as bat predator. Mamm Biol (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2013.01.0036

  75. Henson OW Jr, Schnitzler HU (1980) Performance of airborne animal sonar systems, II: Vertebrates other than microchiroptera. In: Busnel RG, Fish JF (eds) Animal sonar systems. Plenum Press, New York, pp 183–195

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Kasso M, Balakrishnan M (2013) Ecological and economic importance of bats (order Chiroptera). ISRN Biodiversity Volume 2013:Article ID 187415, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/187415

  77. Fleming TH (1993) Plant-visiting bats. Am Sci 81:460–467

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fenton MB (1995) Constraint and flexibility – bats as predators, bats as prey. Symp Zool Soc Lond 67:277–289

    Google Scholar 

  79. Müller R, Kuc R (2007) Biosonar-inspired technology: goals, challenges and insights. Bioinspir Biomim 2:146–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Bunget G, Seelecke S (2010) BATMAV: a 2-DOF bio-inspired flapping flight platform. In: The International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol 7643 of proceedings of SPIE, pp 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kakumanu R, Hodgson W, Ravi R, Alagon A, Harris R, Brust A, Alewood P, Kemp-Harper B, Fry B (2019) Vampire venom: vasodilatory mechanisms of vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) blood feeding. Toxins 11(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010026

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Science Daily (January 2019) Vampire bat venom could hold key to new medical treatments. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190116111105.htm

  83. Rebelo H, Tarroso P, Jones G (2010) Predicted impact of climate change on European bats in relation to their biogeographic patterns. Glob Chang Biol 16(2):561–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02021.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Luo J, Koselj K, Zsebo KS, Siemers BM, Goerlitz HR (2014) Global warming alters sound transmission: differential impact on the prey detection ability of echolocating bats. J R Soc Interface 11:20130961. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0961

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tshewang, U., Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2021). Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species. In: Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics