Skip to main content

Simulation in Defense and Combat Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation: Emergency Medicine

Part of the book series: Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation ((CHS))

  • 678 Accesses

Abstract

The principles that governs military medical simulation training is reflected by the military maxim, “Fight like you train and train like you fight.” Preparing the deploying military medical personnel (MMP) for operational and battlefield conditions is one of the most difficult challenges facing the military simulation community. The injury patterns seen in war and the skills required for combat medicine are rarely encountered or rehearsed under civilian medical practice. To achieve this mandate, the United States military has long employed simulation training exercises for combat training, pre-deployment personnel readiness, and deliberate practice of team-based operations [1–4]. This chapter describes how the military employs simulation training to address these unique training needs, and the impact simulation training has had on the success of its medical units on the battlefield.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sohn VY, et al. Training physicians for combat casualty care on the modern battlefield. J Surg Educ. 2007;64(4):199–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Boehnke IA, et al. Lessons learned in developing a military medical lessons learned Center. Mil Med. 2008;173(11):x–xv.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Blackbourne LH, et al. Military medical revolution: prehospital combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6 Suppl 5):S372–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kellicut DC, et al. Surgical team assessment training: improving surgical teams during deployment. Am J Surg. 2014;208(2):275–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Leitch RA, Moses GR, Magee H. Simulation and the future of military medicine. Mil Med. 2002;167(4):350–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Butler FK Jr, et al. Tactical combat casualty care 2007: evolving concepts and battlefield experience. Mil Med. 2007;172(11 Suppl):1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Blackbourne LH, et al. Military medical revolution: military trauma system. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6 Suppl 5):S388–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sohn VY, et al. From the combat medic to the forward surgical team: the Madigan model for improving trauma readiness of brigade combat teams fighting the Global War on Terror. J Surg Res. 2007;138(1):25–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kotwal RS, et al. Eliminating preventable death on the battlefield. Arch Surg. 2011;146(12):1350–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Eastridge BJ, et al. Death on the battlefield (2001–2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6 Suppl 5):S431–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hooper TJ, et al. Implementation and execution of military forward resuscitation programs. Shock. 2014;41(Suppl 1):90–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Butler FK Jr. Tactical medicine training for SEAL mission commanders. Mil Med. 2001;166(7):625–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Butler FK Jr, Hagmann J, Butler EG. Tactical combat casualty care in special operations. Mil Med. 1996;161 Suppl:3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Moses G, et al. Military medical modeling and simulation in the 21st century. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2001;81:322–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Goolsby C, Vest R, Goodwin T. New Wide Area Virtual Environment (WAVE) medical education. Mil Med. 2014;179(1):38–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Laporta AJ, et al. From trauma in austere environments to combat or medical school: how blended hyper-realism in the real and virtual worlds can better prepare surgeons. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2014;196:233–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Siu KC, et al. Adaptive virtual reality training to optimize military medical skills acquisition and retention. Mil Med. 2016;181(5 Suppl):214–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hoang TN, et al. Hyper-realistic, team-centered fleet surgical team training provides sustained improvements in performance. J Surg Educ. 2016;73(4):668–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Boggs S, Okuda Y. Cutting costs while maintaining quality: how the VA has leveraged simulation. Physician Exec. 2014;40(2):38–40, 42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. SimLEARN. 2016 Nov 1, 2016 [cited 2016; SimLEARN]. Available from: http://www.simlearn.va.gov/.

  21. Bellamy RF. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med. 1984;149(2):55–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Holcomb JB, et al. Causes of death in U.S. Special Operations Forces in the global war on terrorism: 2001–2004. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):986–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kelly JF, et al. Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 versus 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64(2 Suppl):S21–6; discussion S26–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Deal VT, et al. Tactical combat casualty care February 2010. Direct from the battlefield: TCCC lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan. J Spec Oper Med. 2010;10(3):77–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gordon JA, et al. “Practicing” medicine without risk: students’ and educators’ responses to high-fidelity patient simulation. Acad Med. 2001;76(5):469–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bond W, et al. The use of simulation in the development of individual cognitive expertise in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):1037–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Okuda Y, et al. National growth in simulation training within emergency medicine residency programs, 2003–2008. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):1113–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hobgood C, et al. Outcome assessment in emergency medicine – a beginning: results of the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) emergency medicine consensus workgroup on outcome assessment. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(3):267–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Goolsby C, Deering S. Hybrid simulation during military medical student field training--a novel curriculum. Mil Med. 2013;178(7):742–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ziv A, et al. Simulation-based medical education: an ethical imperative. Simul Healthc. 2006;1(4):252–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. USUHS. [cited 2016 November 11 2016]; Available from: https://www.usuhs.edu/.

  32. Berlowitz DJ, et al. Identifying who will benefit from non-invasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease in a clinical cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(3):280–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sanford JP. USUHS hits goal; potential realized. US Med. 1983;19(2):35–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Edwards MJ. Saving the military surgeon: maintaining critical clinical skills in a changing military and medical environment. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222(6):1258–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Martinic G. The use of animals in live-tissue trauma training and military medical research. Lab Anim (NY). 2011;40(10):319–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hemman EA. Improving combat medic learning using a personal computer-based virtual training simulator. Mil Med. 2005;170(9):723–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Olsen JC. Are we dancing alone? Matching medical operational readiness training with potential future conflict. Mil Med. 1997;162(2):75–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kirkpatrick AW, et al. The marriage of surgical simulation and telementoring for damage-control surgical training of operational first responders: a pilot study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79(5):741–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Linde AS, Kunkler K. The evolution of medical training simulation in the U.S. military. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2016;220:209–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Syndaver. 2016 [cited november 2016; Available from: http://syndaver.com/.

  41. Operations, S. 2016 [November 2016]; Available from: http://www.strategic-operations.com/.

  42. ASTEC. 2015 [November 10 2016]; Available from: http://astec.arizona.edu/artificial_tissue.

  43. LaFree G, Dugan L, Miller E. Integrated United States Security Database (IUSSD): terrorism data on the United States Homeland, 1970 to 2011. College Park: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Editor; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Johnson R. Terrorist attacks and related incidents in the United States. 2016 October 6, 2016 [cited 2016; Available from: http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp255a.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chan W. Park .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Park, C.W., Baker, J., Pollock, J.M., Platt, G.W. (2021). Simulation in Defense and Combat Medicine. In: Strother, C., Okuda, Y., Wong, N., McLaughlin, S. (eds) Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation: Emergency Medicine. Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57367-6_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57367-6_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57365-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57367-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics