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Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer

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Viruses and Human Cancer

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 217))

Abstract

Seven viruses including the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1), human T cell lymphotrophic virus, type-1 (HTLV-1), and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been classified as Group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The conclusions are based on the findings of epidemiological and mechanistic studies. EBV, HPV, HTLV-1, and KSHV are direct carcinogens; HBV and HCV are indirect carcinogens through chronic inflammation; and HIV-1 is an indirect carcinogen through immune suppression. Some viruses may cause more than one cancer, while some cancers may be caused by more than one virus. However, only a proportion of persons infected by these oncogenic viruses will develop specific cancers. A series of studies have been carried out to assess the viral, host, and environmental cofactors of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HBV/HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, and HPV-associated cervical carcinoma. Persistent infection, high viral load, and viral genotype are important risk predictors of these virus-caused cancers. Risk calculators incorporating host and viral risk predictors have been developed for the prediction of long-term risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and cervical cancer. These risk calculators are useful for the triage and clinical management of infected patients. Both clinical trials and national programs of immunization, antiviral therapy and screening have demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of cancers caused by HBV, HCV, and HPV. Future research on gene–gene and gene–environment interactions of oncogenic viruses and the human host using large-scale longitudinal studies with serial measurements of biosignatures are in urgent need.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    CDC http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-b.htm.

  2. 2.

    UNAIDS http://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2012/2012_epiupdate_en.pdf.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sect. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan

    Chien-Jen Chen, Wan-Lun Hsu, Hwai-I Yang, Hui-Chi Chen & Yin-Chu Chien

  2. School of Medicine and Big Data Research Centre, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan

    San-Lin You

  3. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Mei-Hsuan Lee & Yu-Ju Lin

  4. Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yun-Yuan Chen

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Jessica Liu

  6. California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Jessica Liu

  7. Department of Translational Science, Preclinical Research, PharmaEngine Inc., Taipei, Taiwan

    Hui-Han Hu

  8. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Yu-Ju Chu

  9. Institute of Statistical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yen-Tsung Huang

  10. Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chun-Ju Chiang

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  1. Chien-Jen Chen
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  14. Yin-Chu Chien
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Correspondence to Chien-Jen Chen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    T.-C. Wu

  2. Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Mei-Hwei Chang

  3. Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Mole, National Institute of Allergy and Infect, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Kuan-Teh Jeang

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Chen, CJ. et al. (2021). Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer. In: Wu, TC., Chang, MH., Jeang, KT. (eds) Viruses and Human Cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 217. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_2

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