Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anesthesia in Colonoscopy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Colon Polyps and Colorectal Cancer

  • 1223 Accesses

Abstract

Anesthesiologists may face several problems in the gastrointestinal endoscopy units like the difficult-to-access location of the anesthesia equipment and materials, lack of some equipment, restricted area in the endoscopy unit, shared airway or distant location of the airway, unfamiliar environment, different settings, and staff. Colonoscopy, which is usually performed out of the operation room, is one of the most common procedures used for the diagnosis, follow-up, prevention, and treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The implementation of colonoscopy under anesthesia enables the prevention of both physical and emotional disturbances, which may be experienced by the patient during the procedure and a significant contribution to the public health depending on the improved motivation of the patient about this invasive intervention.

The anesthesiologists should be familiar with the steps of the sedation and analgesia and the pharmacological properties of the used sedative and hypnotic agents and also should be prepared for the unexpected events. The best option for patients with multiple comorbidities and/or poor cooperation, pediatric patients, patients resistant to sedation, and patients with airway problems is the implementation of colonoscopy under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. In this section, we will discuss the anesthetic assessment of the patient before colonoscopy, the required tests, monitoring during the procedure, conditions leading to the difficult airway, anesthetic agents, anesthesia-related complications, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bhavani SS, Abdelmalak B. Nonoperating room anesthesia: anesthesia in the gastrointestinal suite. Anesthesiol Clin. 2019;37(2):301–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bader AM, Pothier MM. Out-of-operating room procedures: preprocedure assessment. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27(1):121–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Trummel JM, Chandrasekhara V, Kochman ML. Anesthesia for colonoscopy and lower endoscopic procedures. Anesthesiol Clin. 2017;35(4):679–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Trevisani L, Zelante A, Sartori S. Colonoscopy, pain and fears: is it an indissoluble trinomial? World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(6):227–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. McQuaid KR, Laine LA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67(6):910–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Waring JP, Baron TH, Hirota WK, et al. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(3):317–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bhavani S. Non-operating room anesthesia in the endoscopy unit. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2016;26(3):471–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hofer JE, Pant ML, Sweitzer BJ. Preoperative evaluations. In: Weiss MS, Fleisher LA, editors. Non-operating room anesthesia. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. p. 70–81.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zuckerman MJ, Shen B, Harrison ME III, et al. Informed consent for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(2):213–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang B, Urman RD. Non-operating room anesthesia: the principles of patient assessment and preparation. Anesthesiol Clin. 2016;34(1):223–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. American Society of Anesthesiology. Physical status classification system 2014. http://www.asahq.org/resources/clinicalinformation/asa-physical-status-classification-system. Accessed 19 Apr 2015.

  12. Enestvedt BK, Eisen GM, Holub J, et al. Is the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification useful in risk stratification for endoscopic procedures? Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77(3):464–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dakour R, Baluch A, Saleh O, Patel R, Kaye A, Frost E. Anesthetic consideratıons for outpatient colonoscopy. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2006;18(6):1019–42.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Shergill AK, Ben-Menachem T, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi K, Decker GA, Evans JA, Early DS, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Foley KQ, Fukami N, Hwang JH, Jain R, Jue TL, Khan KM, Lightdale J, Pasha SF, Sharaf RN, Dominitz JA, Cash BD. ASGE standards of practice committee guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(1):18–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pasha SF, Acosta R, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Eloubeidi MA, Fanelli R, Faulx AL, Fonkalsrud L, Khashab MA, Lightdale JR, Muthusamy VR, Saltzman JR, Shaukat A, Wang A, Cash B. Routine laboratory testing before endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80(1):28–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American College of Surgeons, American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Vascular Medicine Endorsed by the Society of Hospital Medicine. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22(1):162–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(88):581–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang T, Sun S, Huang S. The association of body mass index with difficult tracheal intubation management by direct laryngoscopy: a meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18(1):79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Goudra BG, Tanner JW, Singh PM, Gingsberg GG. Anesthesia for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy editors. In: Weiss MS, Fleisher LA, editors. Non-operating room anesthesia. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. p. 126–31.

    Google Scholar 

  20. El-Orbany M, Woehlck HJ. Difficult mask ventilation. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(6):1870–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(3):495–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lin OS. Sedation for routine gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a review on efficacy, safety, efficiency, cost and satisfaction. Intest Res. 2017;15(4):456–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ladas SD. Factors predicting the possibility of conducting colonoscopy without sedation. Endoscopy. 2000;32(9):688–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cappell MS. Reducing the incidence and mortality of colon cancer: mass screening and colonoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2008;37(1):129–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tetzlaff JE. Practical considerations in the management of sedation for colonoscopy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016;29(4):512–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Metzner J, Posner KL, Domino KB. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(4):502–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hug CC Jr. MAC should stand for maximum anesthesia caution, not minimal anesthesiology care. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(2):221–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of depth of sedation: definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on 13 Oct 1999, and last amended on 15 Oct 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Eichhorn JH. Prevention of intraoperative anesthesia accidents and related severe injury through safety monitoring. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(4):572–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Early DS, Lightdale JR, Vargo JJ II, Acosta RD, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Evans JA, Fisher DA, Fonkalsrud L, Hwang JH, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Shergill AK, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87(2):327–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases; American College of Gastroenterology; American Gastroenterological Association Institute; American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; Society for Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates, Vargo JJ, DeLegge MH, Feld AD, Gerstenberger PD, Kwo PY, Lightdale JR, Nuccio S, Rex DK, Schiller LR. Multisociety sedation curriculum for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(1):e1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002;96(4):1004–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Tremper KK, Barker SJ. Pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(1):98–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Severinghaus J, Spellman M. Pulse oximeter failure thresholds in hypotension and vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology. 1990;73(3):532–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Arakawa H, Kaise M, Sumiyama K, Saito S, Suzuki T, Tajiri H. Does pulse oxymetry accurately monitör a patient’s ventilation during sedated endoscopy under oxygen supplementation? Singapore Med J. 2013;54(4):212–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Standards for basic anesthetic monitoring (Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on 21 Oct 1986, and last amended on 20 Oct 2010 with an effective date of 1 July 2011). http://www.asahq.org/~/media/Sites/ASAHQ/Files/Public/Resources/standarts-guidelines/standarts-for-basic-anesthetic-monitoring.pdf.

  37. Bell GD, Bown S, Morden A, Coady T, Logan RF. Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of oxygen via nasal canulae. Lancet. 1987;1(8540):1022–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gerstenberger PD. Capnography and patient safety for endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(5):423–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Beitz A, Riphaus A, Meining A, et al. Capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled study (ColoCap Study). Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(8):1205–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Barnett S, Hung A, Tsao R, Sheehan J, Bukoye B, Sheth SG, Leffler DA. Capnographic monitoring of moderate sedation during low-risk screening colonoscopy does not ımprove safety or patient satisfaction: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(3):388–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Mehta PP, Kochhar G, Albeldawi M, Kirsh B, Rizk M, Putka B, John B, Wang Y, Breslaw N, Lopez R, Vargo JJ. Capnographic monitoring in routine EGD and colonoscopy with moderate sedation: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(3):395–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jurel KR, O’Connor KW, Slack J, et al. Effect of supplemental oxygen on cardiopulmonary changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gasrtrointest Endosc. 1994;40(6):665–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Goudra BG, Singh PM, Sinha A. Outpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: safety and efficacy of anesthetic management with a natural airway in 653 consecutive procedures. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013;7(3):259–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, Guggiari M, Bianchi A, Coriat P, et al. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(5):1229–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cooper GS, Kou TD, Rex DK. Complications following colonoscopy with anesthesia assistance: a population-based analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(7):551–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Khiani VS, Soulos P, Gancayjo J, et al. Anesthesiologist involvement in screening colonoscopy: temporal trends and cost implications in the medicare population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(1):58–64.e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Anand GW, Heuss LT. Feasibility of breath monitoring in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy underpropofol sedation: a single-center pilot study. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(3):82–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Garazi ED, Press CD, Tanaka PP. Anesthesia for colonoscopy. In: Weiss MS, Fleisher LA, editors. Non-operating room anesthesia. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. p. 132–6.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hardemark Cedborg A, Sundman E, Boden K, et al. Effects of morphine and midazolam on pharyngeal function, airway protection, and coordination of breathing and swallowing in healthy adults. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(6):1253–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wiggins TF, Khan AS, Winstead NS. Sedation, analgesia, and monitoring. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23(1):14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Ahn EJ, Kang H, Choi CJ, et al. Effectiveness of midazolam for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(3):664–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88(3):427–37.e6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Cinar K, Yakut M, Ozden A. Sedation with midazolam versus midazolam plus meperidine for routine colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2009;20(4):271–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Hayee B, Dunn J, Loganayagam A, Wong M, Saxena V, Rowbotham D, et al. Midazolam with meperidine or fentanyl for colonoscopy: results of a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(3):681–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Pambiancoa DC, Cash BD. New horizons for sedation: the ultra short acting benzodiazepine remimazolam. Tech Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;18(1):22–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Antonik LJ, Goldwater DR, Kilpatrick GJ, Tilbrook GS, Borkett KM. A placebo-and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part I. Safety, efficacy, and basic pharmacokinetics. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(2):274–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rogers WK, McDowell TS. Remimazolam, a short-acting GABA (A) receptor agonist for intravenous sedation and/or anesthesia in day-case surgical and non-surgical procedures. IDrugs. 2010;13(12):929–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Christe C, Janssens JP, Armenian B, Herrmann F, Vogt N. Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in older persons: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(11):1398–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cote GA, Hovis RM, Ansstas MA, et al. Incidence of sedation related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(2):137–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Grounds RM, Lalor JM, Lumley J, Royston D, Morgan M. Propofol infusion for sedation in the intensive care unit: preliminary report. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294(6569):397–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Lichtenstein DR, Jagannath S, Baron TH, et al. Sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(5):815–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Shah A, Bohra S, Shah M. Sedation and anesthesia in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Indian Scenario J Dig Endosc. 2019;10(02):097–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang D, Wang S, Chen J, et al. Propofol combined with traditional sedative agents versus propofol-alone sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(1):101–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hsieh YH, Chou AL, Lai YY, Chen BS, Sia SL, Chen IC, et al. Propofol alone versus propofol in combination with meperidine for sedation during colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(8):753–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Singh H, Poluha W, Cheung M, Choptain N, Baron KI, Taback SP. Propofol for sedation during colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):Cd006268.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Garnock-Jones KP, Scott LJ. Fospropofol. Drugs. 2010;70(4):469–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pambianco DJ. Future directions in endoscopic sedation. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18(4):789–99, x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Tuncali B, Pekcan YO, Celebi A, Zeyneloglu P. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2015;27(4):301–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Varadarajulu S, Eloubeidi MA, Tamhane A, Wilcox CM. Prospective randomized trial evaluating ketamine for advanced endoscopic procedures in difficult to sedate patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(8):987–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Law AK, Ng DK, Chan K-K. Use of intramuscular ketamine for endoscopy sedation in children. Pediatr Int. 2003;45(2):180–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Green SM, Klooster M, Harris T, Lynch EL, Rothrock SG. Ketamine sedation for pediatric gastroenterology procedures. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32(1):26–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Jalowiecki P, Rudner R, Gonciarz M, Kawecki P, Petelenz M, Dziurdzik P. Sole use of dexmedetomidine has limited utility for conscious sedation during outpatient colonoscopy. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(2):269–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dere K, Sucullu I, Budak ET, Yeyen S, Filiz AI, Ozkan S, et al. A comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation, pain and hemodynamic control, during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(7):648–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hug CC Jr. Opioids: clinical use as anesthetic agents. J Pain Symptom Manag. 1992;7(6):350–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Triantafillidis JK, Merikas E, Nikolakis D, Papalois AE. Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: current issues. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(4):463–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tetzlaff JE, Maurer WG. Anesthesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy. In: Raeder J, Urman RD, editors. Practical ambulatory anesthesia. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. p. 154–60.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  77. Hong MJ, Sung IK, Lee SP, Cheon BK, Kang H, Kim TY. Randomized comparison of recovery time after use of remifentanil alone versus midazolam and meperidine for colonoscopy anesthesia. Dig Endosc. 2015;27(1):113–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Welchman S, Cochrane S, Minto G, Lewis S. Systematic review: the use of nitrous oxide gas for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(3):324–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Syed Nong Chek SA, Milewski PJ, Nelson RL. Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;10(8):Cd008506.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Theodorou T, Hales P, Gillespie P, Robertson B. Total intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia for colonoscopy: a prospective study of clinical recovery and psychomotor function. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2001;29(2):124–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. De Oliveira GS, Agarwal D, Benzon HT. Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(2):424–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cohen J, Haber GB, Dorais JA, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of the use of droperidol for conscious sedation during therapeutic endoscopy in difficult to sedate patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51(5):546–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rizzo J, Bernstein D, Gress F. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial evaluating the cost-effectiveness of droperidol as a sedative premedication for EUS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(2):178–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tu RH, Grewall P, Leung JW, et al. Diphenhydramine as an adjunct to sedation for colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized, placebo controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(1):87–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Borgaonkar MR, Pace D, Lougheed M, Marcoux C, Evans B, Hickey N, et al. Canadian association of gastroenterology indicators of safety compromise following colonoscopy in clinical practice. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2729871(10):21.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Amornyotin S. Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;5(11):527–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Agostoni M, Fanti L, Gemma M, Pasculli N, Beretta L, Testoni PA. Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(2):266–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Dumas GA, Boyd GL. Anesthesia for colonoscopy. In: Goudra BG, Singh PM, editors. Out of operating room anesthesia: a comprehensive review. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 101–12.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  89. Garazı ED, Press CD, Gupta A, Raeder J. Intravenous anesthesia and sedation outside the operating room. In: Weiss MS, Fleisher LA, editors. Non-operating room anesthesia. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. p. 50–61.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Chung HJ, Bang BW, Kim HG, Kwon KS, Shin YW, Jeong S, Lee DH, et al. Delayed flumazenil injection after endoscopic sedation increases patient satisfaction compared with immediate flumazenil injection. Gut Liver. 2014;8(1):7–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Müller M, Wehrmann T. How best to approach endoscopic sedation? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(9):481–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Newman DH, Azer MM, Pitetti RD, Singh S. When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(5):627–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Riphaus A, Wehrmann T, Hausmann J, et al. Update S3-guideline: “Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy” 2014 (AWMF-register-no. 021/014). Z Gastroenterol. 2016;54(1):58–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Goudra BG, Singh PM. Cardiac arrests during endoscopy with anesthesia assistance. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(17):1659–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Park HM, Kim ES. Clinical characteristics and mortality of life-threatening events requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation in gastrointestinal endoscopy units. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(43):e1934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Soar J, Nolan JP, Böttiger BW, Perkins GD, Lott C, Carli P, Pellis T, Sandroni C, Skrifvars MB, Smith GB, Sunde K, Deakin CD. Adult advanced life support section collaborators European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: Section 3. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2015;95:100–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Perkins GD, Olasveengen TM, Maconochie I, Soar J, Wyllie J, Greif R, Lockey A, Semeraro F, Van de Voorde P, Lott C, Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, European Resuscitation Council. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation: 2017 update. Resuscitation. 2018;123:43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Izmir, Turkey

    Ergin Alaygut

Authors
  1. Ergin Alaygut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Konak, Izmir, Turkey

    Omer Engin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Alaygut, E. (2021). Anesthesia in Colonoscopy. In: Engin, O. (eds) Colon Polyps and Colorectal Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57273-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57273-0_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57272-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57273-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation