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Bacterial Infections and Nutrition: A Primer

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Nutrition and Infectious Diseases

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Bacteria are the predominant organisms in the human microbiome. They can be beneficial to the host, or they can cause focal and invasive diseases and clinical infections. The chapter explores the broad diversity of bacteria and ways in which they interact with the host. It considers the influence of host nutritional status and specific nutrients on colonization, invasion, severity, and mortality of bacterial infections. Overnutrition and metabolic diseases also affect risks of bacterial diseases, but are not a focus of this chapter. The effects of undernutrition on responses to vaccines against bacterial pathogens and the effects of antimicrobials on growth are addressed. Most examples are taken from malnutrition in children as, globally, they bear the greatest burden both of undernutrition and serious morbidity from bacterial infections and of disruptions in the commensal bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract that affect normal child growth and development. Where clinical trials are discussed, the main focus is on whether the trials demonstrate differences in bacterial disease incidence or mortality in response to nutrient interventions.

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Abbreviations

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BCG:

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine

EED:

Environmental enteric dysfunction

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

ICU:

Intensive care unit

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

NET:

Neutrophil extracellular trap

NK:

Natural killer

RA:

Retinoic acid

RUTF:

Ready-to-use therapeutic food

SCFA:

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

SIBO:

Short-chain fatty acids

TB:

Tuberculosis

Th:

T helper

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

VDR:

Vitamin D receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    James A. Berkley

  2. Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

    James A. Berkley

  3. Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya

    James A. Berkley

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  1. James A. Berkley
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Debbie L. Humphries

  2. Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada

    Marilyn E. Scott

  3. Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Sten H. Vermund

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Berkley, J.A. (2021). Bacterial Infections and Nutrition: A Primer. In: Humphries, D.L., Scott, M.E., Vermund, S.H. (eds) Nutrition and Infectious Diseases . Nutrition and Health. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56913-6_4

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