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Nephrology in Bangladesh

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Nephrology Worldwide

Abstract

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Nephrology as a specialty started its journey in 1973, and kidney disease is increasingly recognized in Bangladesh. About 20 million people are suffering from chronic kidney disease, and of them, approximately 35,000–40,000 develop end-stage renal disease each year. Chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the principal causes of chronic kidney disease. Hypovolaemia, sepsis, obstetric complications and drugs (including herbal and homeopathic remedies) are common causes of acute kidney injury. All three renal replacement therapy modalities (haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation) are performed in Bangladesh, yet only 25% of end-stage renal disease patients have access to treatment due to inadequate facilities and high healthcare costs. There is a huge need for nephrologists, as only one nephrologist is available for about every 0.8 million people. The country has improved financially from low- to low-middle-income country, but the health system receives less priority in non-communicable diseases. However, the government is now setting up renal care at rural level, introducing screening programmes to prevent kidney disease, and advanced renal services have also started to function. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation has already been performed, and deceased transplantation is expected to happen shortly. Research and training opportunities are expanding in collaboration with international organizations.

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Abbreviations

AAMI:

Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

ABO:

ABO blood group

ACEI:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

APD:

Automated peritoneal dialysis

ARBs:

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

AVF:

Arteriovenous fistula

BIRDEM:

Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

BMRC:

Bangladesh Medical Research Council

BRA:

Bangladesh Renal Association

BRJ:

Bangladesh Renal Journal

BSMMU:

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

BSPD:

Bangladesh Society for Peritoneal Dialysis

c-ANCA:

Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

CAPD:

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CGN:

Chronic glomerulonephritis

CIA:

Central Intelligence Agency

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CKD-EPI :

Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CRRT:

Continuous renal replacement therapies

CT:

Computed tomography

CVD:

Cardiovascular diseases

CVVH:

Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration

DKD:

Diabetic kidney disease

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

ESRD :

End-stage renal disease

FSGS:

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

GN:

Glomerulonephritis

GoB:

Government of Bangladesh

GP:

General practitioners

HD:

Haemodialysis

HDI:

Human Development Index

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HTN:

Hypertension

ICUs:

Intensive care unit

IFKF:

International Federation of Kidney Foundation

IgAN:

IgA nephropathy

IHD:

Ischaemic heart disease

IPD:

Intermittent peritoneal dialysis

IPGMR:

Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research

ISN:

International Society of Nephrology

K/DOQI:

Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative

KAMPS:

Kidney Awareness Monitoring and Prevention Society

KDIGO:

Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes

KFB:

Kidney Foundation, Bangladesh

KYAMC :

Khaja Yunus Ali Medical College

MCD:

Minimal change disease

McPGN :

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

MD:

Doctor of medicine

MN:

Membranous nephropathy

MPGN:

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

NGO:

Non-government organization

NS:

Nephrotic syndrome

NSAIDS:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

p-ANCA:

Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

PD:

Peritoneal dialysis

PhD:

Doctor of philosophy

PMP:

Per million population

PNSB:

Pediatric Nephrology Society of Bangladesh

PPP:

Public-private partnership

PSGN:

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

RO:

Reverse osmosis

RRT:

Renal replacement therapy

SLED:

Sustained low efficiency dialysis

SOT:

Society of Organ Transplantation

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

UFF:

Ultrafiltration failure

UGC:

University Grants Commission

UK:

United Kingdom

USA:

United States of America

USD :

United States dollar

USRDS:

United States Renal Data System

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Download references

We Thank the Following Doctors for Their Suggestion in Writing This Chapter

  1. 1.

    Golam Moinuddin, MD, Professor of Pediatric Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka

  2. 2.

    Nizam Uddin Chowdhury, FCPS, MD, Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Nephrology, Dhaka Medical College

  3. 3.

    MA Samad, FCPS, MD, Professor of Nephrology, BRB Hospital, Dhaka

  4. 4.

    AKM Monowarul Islam, MD, Professor and Head, Dept. of Nephrology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi

  5. 5.

    Shahidul Islam Selim, MCPS, MD, Professor of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka

  6. 6.

    Sarwar Iqbal, MD, Professor of Nephrology, BIRDEM Medical College, Dhaka

  7. 7.

    Probir Kumar Dutta, FCPS, MD, Professor of Nephrology, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong

  8. 8.

    Muhammad Nazrul Islam, FCPS, MD, Associate Professor of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

  9. 9.

    Babrul Alam, MD, Associate Professor of Nephrology, National Institute of Kidney Disease and Urology, Dhaka

  10. 10.

    A H Hamid, MD, Associate Professor of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

  11. 11.

    KM Hadiuzzaman, MD, Associate Professor of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

  12. 12.

    Syed Fazlul Islam, Assistant Professor of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

  13. 13.

    Nurul Huda, FCPS, MD, Associate Professor of Nephrology, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong

  14. 14.

    Mobasher Alam, MD, Associate Professor and Head, Rangpur Medical College

  15. 15.

    A.H.M Ahsan, MD, Associate Professor, Bogra Medical College

  16. 16.

    Enamul Kabir, MD, Assistant Professor, Shaheed Abu Naser Specialized Hospital, Khulna

  17. 17.

    Alamgir Chowdhury, MD, Associate Professor, Sylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College

  18. 18.

    Abdul Aziz, MD, Consultant Paediatric Medicine, CMH, Dhaka

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Harun Ur Rashid, Shamim Ahmed, Shakib Uz Zaman Arefin, Tasnuva Sarah Kashem & Nura Afza Salma Begum

  2. Department of Nephrology, BSMMU-Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Rafiqul Alam & Asia Khanam

  3. Department of Nephrology, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    M. Muhibur Rahman

  4. Department of Nephrology, Gonoshathaya Nagar Hospital Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mamun Mostafi

  5. Department of Nephrology, National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kazi Shahnoor Alam

  6. Department of Nephrology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Nazrul Islam

Authors
  1. Harun Ur Rashid
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  2. Mohammad Rafiqul Alam
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  7. Shakib Uz Zaman Arefin
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  9. Nura Afza Salma Begum
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  10. Kazi Shahnoor Alam
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  11. Nazrul Islam
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harun Ur Rashid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brazilian Society of Nephrology, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    José A. Moura-Neto

  2. Division of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholms Län, Sweden

    José Carolino Divino-Filho

  3. DIMED - University of Padova, Department Nephrology Dialysis & Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

    Claudio Ronco

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Rashid, H.U. et al. (2021). Nephrology in Bangladesh. In: Moura-Neto, J.A., Divino-Filho, J.C., Ronco, C. (eds) Nephrology Worldwide. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56890-0_18

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56890-0_18

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