Abstract
On Thursday, June 20, 2019, the world celebrated World Refugee Day to honor the strength, courage, and perseverance of millions of refugees. The United Nations suggests that persons become refugees due to persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. The importance of such an observation is emphasized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report that alerts readers to the unparalleled level of displacement of persons globally. The UNHCR affirms that over 10 years, the number of displaced persons (viz., people who are forced from their homes due to some adversity) worldwide grew from 43.3 million in 2009 to 70.8 million in 2018 – an increase of 27.5 million displaced persons worldwide. Of the 70.8 million displaced in 2018, 25.9 million of these persons were refugees. Of these 2018 refugee populations, about 50% was comprised of children younger than 18 years – a 9% increase over 10 years. Of interest to this discussion is that of these 25.9 million refugees in 2018, the UNHCR data suggest that 3.2 million of these refugees come from two African countries: Sudan and Somalia.
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Notes
- 1.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM). Key Migration Terms
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- 2.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2018. pp. 2–4. Retrieved October 5, 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf
- 3.
Forced Migration review. Latin America and the Caribbean. Issue 56, October 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
- 4.
Ibid. p. 4–5.
- 5.
Ibid p. 4–5.
- 6.
Brenda I Gill, Elish J. Dun, and Paul Erhunmwunsee, “Contemporary Out-Migration from CARICOM Countries: Its Impact and Potential for Growth of Diaspora Countries,” In Dynamics of Caribbean Diaspora Engagment, ed. George K. Danns, Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith, and Fitzgerald Yaw (Guyana: University of Guyana Press, 2018), 19–34.
- 7.
Ibid. p. 20
- 8.
Ibid. p. 20
- 9.
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). Membership. Retrieved October 4, 2019; https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/community-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-celac/; −-----, “Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Worldometers. Retrieved August 22, 2016. http://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/
- 10.
(IOM). Key Migration Terms. Retrieved September 28, 2019. https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms
- 11.
Ibid
- 12.
Ibid.
- 13.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The UN Refugee Agency. Refugees and Migrants – Frequently Asked Questions. 16 March 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/3/56e95c676/refugees-migrants-frequently-asked-questions-faqs.html
- 14.
Ibid. n.p.
- 15.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The UN Refugee Agency. Population Statistics. Accessed October 5, 2019. http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern
- 16.
Antoine Saliba Haig. Benefits and Requirements of the E2 Visa (2017). Published February 24, Updated March 10. Accessed October 20, 2019. https://www.chetcuticauchi.com/publications/e2-visa
- 17.
-----. Grenada Citizenship by Investment. Access October 20, 2019, https://www.goldenvisas.com/grenada
- 18.
Antoine Saliba Haig. Benefits and Requirements of the E2 Visa (2017). Published February 24, Updated March 10. Accessed October 20, 2019. https://www.chetcuticauchi.com/publications/e2-visa
- 19.
“Becoming A Citizen,” Grenada Citizenship by Investment, Access October 23, 2019, https://www.cbi.gov.gd/grenada-citizenship/type-of-citizenship/
- 20.
Ibid
- 21.
Luis Andres Henao. More African Immigrants Finding a Home in Latin America (2010). January 25. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/more-african-immigrants-finding-home-latin-america
- 22.
Pico, Victoria. Soccer-mad African Stowaway finds new goals after passage to Argentina. UNHCR. October 7, 2013. https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2013/10/5252bfea6/soccer-mad-african-stowaway-finds-new-goals-passage-argentina.html
- 23.
Ibid
- 24.
Cowie, Sam. 2014. Brazil: Destination of choice for Africans. September 3. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/09/brazil-destination-choice-africans-201493113721757775.html
- 25.
Ibid
- 26.
Deslandes, Ann. 2019. African migrants are trying to cross North America to make it to Canada. Trump is keeping them in Mexico. October 2. Accessed Ocobter 10, 2019. https://www.insider.com/african-migrants-us-mexico-border-canada-2019-10
- 27.
Deslandes, Ann. 2019. African migrants are trying to cross North America to make it to Canada. Trump is keeping them in Mexico. October 2. Accessed Ocobter 10, 2019. https://www.insider.com/african-migrants-us-mexico-border-canada-2019-10
- 28.
Luisa Feline Freier. Against the Odds, African Migration to South America Grows. 2018. December 4. Accessed October 20, 2019. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/26901/against-the-odds-african-migration-to-south-america-grows
- 29.
Ibid
- 30.
Ibid
- 31.
Ibid
- 32.
Ibid
- 33.
Ibid
- 34.
Freier, Luisa Feline. 2018. Against the Odds, African Migration to South America Grows. December 4. Accessed October 20, 2019. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/26901/against-the-odds-african-migration-to-south-america-grows
- 35.
Ibid
- 36.
Patrick J. McDonnell. African migrants stuck in southern Mexico, their American dream on hold. September 22, 2019. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-09
- 37.
Alicia Bárcena, Mario Cimoli, Raúl García-Buchaca, Laís Abramo, and Ricardo Pérez, “Critical obstacle to inclusive social development in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), p. 43, Access on 10/21/2019, https://crds.cepal.org/3/sites/crds3/files/19-00578_cds.3_critical_obstacles_web.pdf
- 38.
Ibid. p. 43
- 39.
Ibid.
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Alcime, I., Gill, B.I., Dung, E.J. (2021). African Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean. In: Abidde, S.O. (eds) The Challenges of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56650-0_3
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