Skip to main content

The War Has Just Begun.” Nature’s Fury Against Neocolonial “Spirit/s”: Shamanic Perceptions of Natural Disasters in Comparative Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dealing with Disasters

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Disaster Anthropology ((PSDA))

Abstract

The chapter discusses Batek (Peninsular Malaysia) and Chepang (Nepal) shamans’ perceptions and interpretations of natural disasters. Indigenous eco-cosmological systems are threatened by national and transnational policies. The increase of earthquakes, tsunamis, and floods are creating much distress and preoccupation in indigenous ontologies, well-being, and worldviews. Natural disasters are interpreted as furious revenge and an alarming warning of the Earth, natural forces and other-than-human beings who react to “postcolonial imbalance” (Langford in Fluent Bodies: Ayurvedic Remedies for Postcolonian Imbalance. Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2002) caused by neoliberalistic politics, neocolonial exploitation, as well as various forms of national and transnational structural and cultural violence. The discussion will present two case studies related to indigenous perceptions of earthquakes and tsunamis among the Chepang of Nepal and the Batek of Peninsular Malaysia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Asthana, Vinay. 2014. “Disaster Risk Management: Shifting Paradigm.” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (39): 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDPS, Central Department of Population Studies. 2016. Nepal Earthquake 2015: A Socio-demographic Impact Study. Kirtipur, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report). Vol. 01. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. 2000. “Millennial Capitalism: Fist Thoughts on a Second Coming.” Public Culture 12 (2): 291–343. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-12-2-291.

  • de Sales, Anne 1996. “Dieu Nourricier et Sorcier Cannibale: Les Esprits des Lieux chez les Magar du Nord (Népal).” Ètudes Rurales, 143–144, Dieux du Sol en Asie: 45–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentan, Robert Knox. 2009. Overwhelming Terror: Love, Fear, Peace, and Violence Among Semai of Malaysia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentan, Robert Knox, Kirk Endicott, Alberto G. Gomes, and M. B. Hooker. 1997. Malaysia and the Original People: A Case Study of the Impact of Development on Indigenous Peoples. Upper Saddle River: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, Kirk. 1979. Batek Negrito Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, Kirk (ed.). 2016. Malaysia's Original People. Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli. Singapore: NUS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis-Petersen, Hannah. 2019. “Out of the Jungle and into a Death Trap: The Fate of Malaysia Last Nomadic People.” The Guardian, September 7. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/07/from-jungle-to-death-trap-fate-of-malaysia-last-nomads.

  • Gellner, David N., Sondra L. Hausner, and Chiara Letizia, eds. 2016. Religion, Secularism and Ethnicity in Contemporary Nepal. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, Alberto G. 2007. Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurung, Ganesh M. 1989. The Chepang: A Study in Continuity and Change. Lalitpur: Central S.B Shahi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halemba, Agnieszka. 2008. “‘What Does It Feel Like When Your Religion Moves Under Your Feet?’ Religion, Earthquakes and National Unity in the Republic of Altai, Russian Federation.” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 133 (2): 283–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handa, O. C. 2004. Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haughton, Jonathan, and Shaidur R. Khandker. 2009. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, Signe. 1984. Society and Cosmos: Chewong of Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • JAKOA (Department of Orang Asli Development). 2012. Pecahan Penduduk Orang Asli Mengikut Kumpulan Kaum Dan Etnik Bagi Tahun. Kuala Lumpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julca, Alex. 2012. “Natural Disasters with Un-natural Effects: Why?” Journal of Economic Issues 46 (2): 499–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, Laurel. 2009. Shamans, Nostalgia, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondratyev, Kyrill Ya, Vladimir F. Krapivin, and Costas A. Varotsos. 2006. Natural Disasters as Interactive Components of Global Ecodynamics. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Praxis Books in Environmental Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langford, Jane M. 2002. Fluent Bodies: Ayurvedic Remedies for Postcolonian Imbalance. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecomte-Tilouine, Marie. 2010. “The Cult of the Earth-Mother Among the Magar of Nepal.” In Religions of the East, edited by S. Hunt, 19–28. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lye, Tuck Po. 2000. “Forest, Bateks, and Degradation: Environmental Representation in a Changing World.” Southeast Asian Studies 38 (2): 165–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lye, Tuck Po. 2002. “The Significance of the Forest to the Emergence of Batek Knowledge in Pahang, Malaysia.” Southeast Asian Studies 40 (1): 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lye, Tuck Po. 2004. Changing Pathways: Forest Degradation and the Batek of Pahang. Lanham: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Henrietta L. 2004. “Global Anxieties: Concept-Metaphors and Pre-Theoretical Commitments in Anthropology.” Anthropological Theory 4 (1): 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, Colin. 2000. The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources: Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia. Copenhagen: IWGIA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobuta, Toshiro. 2009. Living on the Periphery: Development and Islamization among the Orang Asli in Malaysia. Subang Jaya: Center for the Orang Asli Concerns.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant, Dipak R. 2016. Healing the Himalaya: Proposal of Strategies, Technology and Finance for Post-Earthquake Recovery, Reconstruction and Renaissance in Nepal. Interdisciplinary Unit for Sustainable Economy. Varese: Università Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Jane. 2016. “Killer Landslides: The Lasting Legacy of Nepal’s Quake.” Nature 532 (7600). http://www.nature.com/news/killer-landslides-the-lasting-legacy-of-nepal-s-quake-1.19803.

  • Quilo, Queenie S., Antoniette T. Mabini, Mincie Pale O. Tamiroy, Myrma Jean A. Mendoza, Sulpecia L. Ponce, and Liwayway S. Viloria. 2015. “Indigenous Knowledge and Practices: Approach to Understanding Disaster.” Philippine Sociological Review 63, Special Issue: Sociology of Disasters: 105–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai, Nivak K. 1985. People of the Stones. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai, Lagan. 2018. “From Pande to Pastor: Experiences and Practices of the Early Christian Converts in the Chepang (Chyobang) Community.” In Contemporary Nepali Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Reader, edited by L.P. Upreti, B. Pokharel, J. Rai, Dhakal, S. and M.S. Lama, 227–262. Kathmandu: Central Department of Anthropology, Tribhuvan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, Marina. 1991. Healing Sounds from the Malaysian Rainforest: Temiar Music and Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2000. Tunsuriban. Shamanism in the Chepang of Central and Southern Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2009. “Shamans and Transformation in Nepal and Peninsular Malaysia.” In Yogic Perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness, edited by Dagmar Eigner and Eli Franco, 347–367. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2011. “‘We Play in the Black Jungle and in the White Jungle’: The Forest as a Representation of the Shamanic Cosmos in the Chants of the Semang-Negrito (Malaysia) and Chepang (Nepal).” Shaman 19: 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2013. “Of Angry Thunders, Smelly Intruders and Human-Tigers. Shamanic Representations of Violence and Conflict in Non-Violent Peoples: The Semang-Negrito (Malaysia).” In Shamanism and Violence: Power, Repression and Suffering in Indigenous Religious Conflicts, edited by Diana Riboli and Davide Torri, 135–148. Farnham: Ashgate Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2016a. “Hazard, Risk and Fascination: Jahai Perceptions of Morality and Otherness in a Global World.” In Malaysia’s Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli, edited by Kirk M. Endicott, 356–376. Singapore: NUS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riboli, Diana. 2016b. “‘Non avrai altro dio all’infuori di me’. Timori e Conflitti Generati dalla Predicazione Cristiana fra i Chepang del Nepal Centromeridionale.” In Mostri, Spettri e Demoni dell’Himalaya. Un’Indagine Etnografica fra Mito e Folklore, edited by S. Beggiora, 167–222. Torino: Meti Edizioni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawada, Yasuyuki, and Yoshito Takasaki. 2012. “Natural Disasters, Poverty, and Development: An Introduction.” World Development 94: 2–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strömberg, David. 2007. “Natural Disasters, Economic Development, and Humanitarian Aid.” The Journal of Economic Prospectives 21(3): 199–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, Pamela J., and Andrew J. Strathern. 2002. Violence: Theory and Ethnography. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam, Yogeswaran. 2016. “Orang Asli, Land Rights and the Court Process: A “Native Title” Lawyer’s Perspective.” In Malaysia’s Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli, edited by Kirk M. Endicott, 423–445. Singapore: NUS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tacey, Ivan. 2013. “Tropes of Fear: The Impact of Globalization on Batek Religious Landscapes.” Religions 4 (2): 240–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tacey, Ivan. 2016. “Batek Transnational Shamanism: Countering Marginalization through Weaving Alliances with Cosmic Partners and Global Politicians.” In Malaysia’s Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli, edited by Kirk M. Endicott, 377–402. Singapore: NUS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tacey, Ivan. 2018. Animism and Interconnectivity: Batek and Manya’ Life on the Periphery of the Malaysian Rainforest. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tacey, Ivan, and Diana Riboli. 2014. “Violence, Fear and Anti-violence: The Batek of Peninsular Malaysia.” Edited by Kirk Endicott. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6 (4): 203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, Masako 2013. “Balancing Between Politics and Development: The Multiple Roles Played by Indigenous People’s Organizations in Nepal.” History and Sociology of South Asia 7 (1): 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffin, Gérard. 2016. Imagination and Reality: Nepal Between Past and Present. New Delhi: Androit Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsing, Anna. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas, Ivette. 2006. “Snake-Kings, Boars’ Heads, Deer Parks, Monkey Talk: Animals as Transmitters and Transformers in Indian and Tibetan Buddhist Narratives.” In Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religions, Sciences and Ethics, edited by Paul Waldau and Kimberley Patton, 218–238. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, Neil L. 2013. “Divine Hunger—The Cannibal War-Machine.” In Shamanism and Violence: Power, Repression and Suffering in Indigenous Religious Conflicts, edited by Diana Riboli and Davide Torri, 149. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildcat, Daniel R. 2009. Red Alert! Saving the Planet with Indigenous Knowledge. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zharkevich, Ina. 2016. “‘When Gods Return to Their Homeland in the Himalayas’. Maoism, Religion, and Change in the Model Village of Thabang, Mid-Western Nepal.” In Religion, Secularism and Ethnicity in Contemporary Nepal, edited by David N. Gellner, Sondra L. Hausner, and Chiara Letizia, 77–114. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Riboli, D. (2021). “The War Has Just Begun.” Nature’s Fury Against Neocolonial “Spirit/s”: Shamanic Perceptions of Natural Disasters in Comparative Perspective. In: Riboli, D., Stewart, P.J., Strathern, A.J., Torri, D. (eds) Dealing with Disasters. Palgrave Studies in Disaster Anthropology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56104-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56104-8_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-56103-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-56104-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics