Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent urologic tumors and is highly associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic issues. Common risk factors for urothelial tumors are environmental and occupational exposures to carcinogens and, especially smoking habit. Bladder cancer is usually diagnosed following an episode of macro-hematuria manifested by patients as the first symptom. Suspicion is generally confirmed by the execution of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), which has a diagnostic and therapeutic value at the same time. Bladder cancer could manifest in two distinct neoplastic growth patterns: papillary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and non-papillary (solid) muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). These two subtypes have individual pathological and molecular features, with exclusive genetic drivers which lead to different characteristics and treatment responses. Initial TURBT followed by intravesical therapies to prevent recurrence or progression are the main therapies for NMIBC; however, additional therapies are essential for those patients who do not respond to local treatments. Cystectomy alone or followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is considered the gold standard for localized MIBC.
Chemotherapy is yet considered the main strategy for the first- and second-line treatment of metastatic patients. Recent advances in molecular biology of bladder cancer and in immunotherapy are being translated into new therapies.
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Parra, H.J.S., Latteri, F., Noto, L., Aiello, M.M. (2021). Bladder Cancer. In: Russo, A., Peeters, M., Incorvaia, L., Rolfo, C. (eds) Practical Medical Oncology Textbook. UNIPA Springer Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56051-5_46
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56051-5_46
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