Abstract
The Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region, an East-West and North-South converge area, is from a geopolitical point of view, a separate subsystem. At the crossroads of three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, EM’s geopolitics include not only regional actors but also ones located in competitive concentric circles: The US, the Russian Federation and the European Union. The area is also at the top of two major geostrategic triangles, formed in the north and northeast with the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and to the south and southeast with the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. With its Energy Union policy, the EU aims to stabilise the EM and the Western Balkans region to secure sustainable gas and LNG hubs near the EU borders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Leonardo Bellodi, Il Mare dei Destini Incrociati (The Sea of Crossed Destinies), (Rome: LIMES, www.limesonline.com, 2020), 1.
- 2.
Leonardo Bellodi, Ibid.
- 3.
Cyril Widdershoven and Rob van der Stel, Libya Conference’s Shaky Results could Force Europe to Back EMGF, (Elshardt, The Netherlands: Verocy, verocy.com for www.financialmirror.com), 2020, 2.
- 4.
Thrassy N. Marketos, Τurbulence in Europe’s Energy Security Map (in Greek), (Athens: Foreign Affairs Hellenic Edition, www.foreignaffairs.com), 2015, 15.
- 5.
Cyril Widdershoven and Rob van der Stel, Libya’s Haftar Moving towards a Military Victory as Europe Pushes for Peace, (Elshadt: Verocy www.verocy.com for Al-Arabiya), 2020, 3.
- 6.
Michalis Mathioulakis, Russian Energy-Related Buffer Zones in Europe, (https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/russian-energy-related-buffer-zones-europe-michalis-mathioulakis/, 2020), 2.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Daniele Santoro, Ankara (Ri)discovers the Sea, (Rome: Limes, www.limesonline.com, 2020), 3.
- 9.
Marco Giuli, Egypt at the Center of Gas Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean, (Rome: Limes, www.limesonline.com, 2018), 1.
- 10.
Marco Giuli, 2.
- 11.
Cyril Widdershoven and Rob van der Stel, Cyprus Energy Future Depends on Ankara, (Elshardt: Verocy EastMed Insights www.verocy.com for www.financialmirror.com, 2019), 11.
- 12.
Cyril Widdershoven and Rob van der Stel, Ibid., 12.
- 13.
Harry Tzimitras, Eastern Mediterranean Prospects: in Need of a Pragmatic Geopolitical Assessment, (Rome: Instituto Affari Internationali, www.iai.it, 2020), 3.
- 14.
Ye Zicheng, Inside China’s Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the People’s Republic, ed. Steven I. Levine and Guili Liu, (Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2011).
- 15.
Christina Lin, China’s Strategic Shift towards the Region of the Four Seas: The Middle Kingdom Arrives in the Middle East, (Berlin: ISPSW Strategy Series, Issue No. 226, 2013), 16.
- 16.
Gal Luft, Strategic Implications of Chinese Energy Policy, (Washington, DC: The American Interest www.the-american-interest.com, Vol. 10, Number 4, 2015), 1–2.
- 17.
Christina Lin, 1.
- 18.
Ibid., 17.
- 19.
Geoffrey Kemp and Robert E. Harkavy, Strategic Geography and the Challenging Middle East (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment and Brooking Institution Press), 1997, and Christof van Agt, The Importance of Eurasia in the Global Energy Security Agenda, (The Hague: Clingendael International Energy Programme, CIEP), 2010.
For more on China–SCO interaction in Central Eurasia see Thrassy N. Marketos, China’s Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia, (London: ed. Rutledge, Taylor & Francis Books Ltd), 2009.
- 20.
Tony Badran, A Syria in Minor Key, (Washington, DC: Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 2010).
- 21.
N. Mozes, Syria Regains Pivotal Regional, International Role––The Triumph of the Course of Resistance, (Washington DC: MEMRI Report no. 583, 2010), 5.
- 22.
Christina Lin, China’s Persian Gulf Strategy: Israel and the Nuclearizing Iran, (Washington DC: China Brief www.jamestown.org, Vol. 9, Issue 21, 2009).
- 23.
Gal Luft, Ibid., 5.
- 24.
Nassos Mihalakas, Part II: Chinease Investments in Europe-A Year in Review, (Washington, DC: Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com, 2011).
- 25.
Alessandro Gagaridis, Ibid., 3.
- 26.
Ibid., 4.
References
Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No. 699.
Aviad, Rubin and Ehud, Eiran. Regional Maritime Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Expectations and Reality. University of Haifa, 2019.
Badran, Tony. A Syria in Minor Key: Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 2010.
Bellodi, Leonardo. Il Mare dei Destini Incrociati (The Sea of Crossed Destinies): LIMES, www.limesonline.com, 2020.
Canali, Laura. Mediterranean Sea chock points: LIMES—www.limesonline.com, 2020.
Cyril, Widdershoven and Rob,van der Stel. Cyprus Energy Future Depends on Ankara: Verocy EastMed Insights, www.verocy.com for www.financialmirror.com, 2019.
Downs Erica. China’s National Oil Companies Return to the World Stage: Navigating Anticorruption, Low Oil Prices, and the Belt and Road Initiative. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Special Report#68, 2017.
Friedman George. US Naval Bases and Installations in Asia: Geopolitical Futures—www.geopoliticalfutures.com.
Gagaridis, Alessandro. Rising Tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean: Another South China Sea? Situation Reports, Geopolitical Monitor (www.geopoliticalmonitor.com), 2018.
Giuli, Marco. Egypt at the Center of Gas Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean: Limes, www.limesonline.com, 2018.
Hegazy, Adam. Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum countries (EMGF): 337259/ CC BY-SA: www.en.wikipedia.org.
Lin, Christina. China’s Strategic Shift towards the Region of the Four Seas: The Middle Kingdom Arrives in the Middle East: ISPSW Strategy Series, Issue No. 226, 2013.
Lin, Christina. China’s Persian Gulf Strategy: Israel and a Nuclearising Iran: China Brief, Vol. 9, Issue 21, 2009.
Luft, Gal. Strategic Implications of Chinese Energy Policy: The American Interest, Number 4, 2015.
Kemp, Geoffrey and Harkavy, Robert E. Strategic Geography and the Challenging Middle East: Carnegie Endowment and Brooking Institution Press, 1997.
Marketos, Thrassy. China’s targeting on Central Asia’s Geopolitical Linking to South Asia: The Iranian Factor in the Evolving Nexus of Energy, Security and Maritime Power in Eurasia Geopolitics: Central Asia and the Caucasus Journal, http://www.ca-org/online, 2012.
Marketos, Thrassy. China’s Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, 2009.
Marketos, Thrassy. Τurbulence in Europe’s Energy Security Map (in Greek): Foreign Affairs Hellenic Edition, www.foreignaffairs.com, 2015.
Marketos, Thrassy. Το Γεωπολιτικό Επίκεντρο του 21ου Αιώνα (The Geopolitical Epicenter of the 21st Century): Foreign Affairs Hellenic Edition, 61, 2019–2020.
Mathioulakis, Michalis. Russian Energy-Related Buffer Zones in Europe: (https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/russian-energy-related-buffer-zones-europe-michalis-mathioulakis/, 2020.
Mihalakas, Nassos. Part II: Chinease Investments in Europe-A Year in Review: Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com, 2011.
Mozes, N. Syria Regains Pivotal Regional, International Role––The Triumph of the Course of Resistance: MEMRI Report no. 583, 2010.
Reuters. U.S. military in the West Pacific. https://blogs.thomsonreuters.com/answerson/us-military-in-the-west-pacific-graphic/.
Santoro Daniele. Ankara (Ri)discovers the Sea: Limes, www.limesonline.com, 2020.
Shiping, Tang. Lixianganquanhuanjingyuxinshijizhonguo da zhuanlue (Ideal Security Environment and China’s Grand Strategy in the New Century): MEMRI Strategy and Management, no. 6, 2000.
Tzimitras, Harry. Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbons Prospects: In Need of a Pragmatic Geopolitical Assessment. Instituto Affari Internazionali, 2020.
Van Agt, Christof. The Importance of Eurasia in the Global Energy Security Agenda: Clingendael International Energy Programme, CIEP, 2010.
von Ochssee, T. Boon. Strategic Energy Ellipse. Mackinder and Spykman and the New World Energy Order: Clingendael International Energy Programme, CIEP, 2007, 3 https://exploringgeopolitics.org/publication_boon_von_ochssee_timothy_mackinder_and_spykman_and_the_new_world_energy_order/.
Widdershoven, Cyril and van der Stel, Rob. Cyprus Energy Future Depends on Ankara: Verocy EastMed Insights www.verocy.com for www.financialmirror.com, 2019.
Widdershoven, Cyril and van der Stel, Rob. Egypt Offshore Energy. Verocy, 2020.
Widdershoven, Cyril and van der Stel, Rob. Libya Conference’s Shaky Results could Force Europe to Back EMGF, Verocy, verocy.com for www.financialmirror.com, 2020.
Widdershoven, Cyril and van der Stel, Rob. Libya’s Haftar Moving towards a Military Victory as Europe Pushes for Peace, Verocy www.verocy.com for Al-Arabiya, 2020.
Zambelis, Chris. Down the River Nile: China Gains Influence in Egypt: China Brief, Vol. 5, Issue 22, 2005.
Zicheng, Ye. Inside China’s Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the People’s Republic: ed. Steven I. Levine and Guili Liu, The University Press of Kentucky, 2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Marketos, T.N. (2021). Energy Geopolitics Crossovers in Central & Eastern Mediterranean at the Prize of the Energy Union Policy. In: Mathioulakis, M. (eds) Aspects of the Energy Union. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55981-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55981-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-55980-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-55981-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)