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Cooling and Trapping of Molecules

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An Introduction to Cold and Ultracold Chemistry

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Abstract

The advancement in ultracold physics is attached to the development of cooling, manipulation, and trapping techniques for atoms and molecules. Therefore, it is necessary to understand some of the techniques that make ultracold physics. Efficient cooling and trapping techniques for atoms have been available since the mid-1980s and there is an extensive range of literature on that topic; it has even been beautifully introduced in several books [1, 2]. However, cooling and trapping techniques for molecules are generally discussed in specialized journals, and certainly, they are not discussed in books about ultracold gases. For this reason, in this chapter, we introduce most of the cooling and trapping techniques for molecules, since molecules are the workhorse of chemistry and the purpose of this book. Moreover, throughout this chapter, the reader may gain some insights into the complications that molecules offer with respect to atoms owing to the presence of internal degrees of freedom, that ultimately can be overcome.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Based on the velocity of the molecules in the beam, this reduction would be equivalent to 8%.

  2. 2.

    As a theoretician; I never implemented this technique by myself. However, my experimentalist colleagues continuously implement this setup without too many technical issues. That is the reason why I used the word straightforward. Having said this, I do not mean that its implementation is trivial.

  3. 3.

    A two-level molecule is analogous to a two-level atom, although the two states in this cases are represented by rovibrational states of the molecule.

  4. 4.

    The laser frequency is red-detuned from the atomic transition.

  5. 5.

    It is worth noting that ρ ee stands for the population of the excited state, which is the second diagonal term of the density matrix [43, 44]. This is the typical notation for the optical Bloch equations.

  6. 6.

    It is worth noting that the transition dipole moment is expressed with respect to the reference frame fixed to the molecule. In contrast, the electric field is defined in the lab frame. Therefore, a proper transformation from the molecular frame to the lab frame has to be accomplished for the proper evaluation of the matrix elements [69,70,71].

  7. 7.

    It also depends on the quantum state of the atomic or molecular system under consideration.

  8. 8.

    In the case of (4.33) it may be the case that the atoms have lower kinetic energy than before and hence they remain trapped. However, this possibility is unlikely [89].

  9. 9.

    Here we use bond length in the physicists’ sense, i.e., we are not referring to a covalent, ionic or van der Waals binding mechanism.

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  1. Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Molecular Physics, Berlin, Germany

    Jesús Pérez Ríos

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Pérez Ríos, J. (2020). Cooling and Trapping of Molecules. In: An Introduction to Cold and Ultracold Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55936-6_4

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