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Environmentally Induced Lung Diseases and Pneumoconiosis

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Pathology of Lung Disease

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Abstract

The definition of pneumoconiosis is an inhalative lesion caused by foreign non-living material in the widest sense, but is usually restricted to inorganic matter. Inhalation causes a tissue reaction, which can be any kind of pneumonia, granulomatosis, or similar. Primarily, when thinking about pneumoconiosis silicosis and asbestosis will immediately come into one’s mind, however, there are many more agents causing pulmonary diseases. As in many other diseases in all kinds of pneumoconiosis, there is a dose–effect relationship: this means there is a threshold dose required to induce disease (amount of a mineral), and the duration of exposure. In addition, the dimension of the particles is important too: particles larger than 10 μm are deposited in the larger airways, particles below 2–5 μm will reach the alveolar periphery. But there is another factor, the aerodynamic diameter: particles are within the airstream and will orient themselves along the axis of the airflow; therefore, asbestos fibers although 100–200 μm in length are less than 5 μm thick, which means they are longitudinally oriented within the airstream and might reach small bronchioles before being trapped at bifurcations. Another quality of inhaled mineral dust is durability: some metals are easily dissolved in extracellular fluids (e.g., cobalt) and can be absorbed and removed by macrophages. Other minerals such as quartz and asbestos fibers are long-lasting and resist degradation by macrophages for months. Finally, also the chemical composition plays a role: highly toxic compounds will cause acute injury to the lung, whereas other minerals cause injury only in huge quantities.

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    Helmut Popper

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Popper, H. (2021). Environmentally Induced Lung Diseases and Pneumoconiosis. In: Pathology of Lung Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55743-0_13

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