Addressing the Problem: Rape and Pornography Become Feminist Political Issues

Korsvik, Trine Rogg

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55639-6_2

Trine Rogg Korsvik⁶

Part of the book series: Citizenship, Gender and Diversity ((FEMCIT))

401 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter deals with the early phase of the mobilization against rape and pornography in France and Norway. It outlines the historical context of those issues as social phenomena, including in the judicial system, showing how the different contexts impacted the way in which the women’s liberation movements framed these issues. Identifying rape and pornography as gender-political problems began inside the women’s liberation movements, but movement activists soon began to communicate explicitly to the outside world that sexual exploitation of women is a political problem. They took advantage of various strategies of legitimization that could appeal to the left, such as framing rape as a form of imperialism or fascism, or pornography as capitalist exploitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 39.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 54.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 54.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
“Coït illicite avec une femme qu’on sait n’y point consentir.” The following information on court proceedings in rape cases is taken from Mossuz-Lavau, Janine (1991): Les lois de l’amour. Les politiques de la sexualité en France (1950–1990) [The Laws of Love. The Politics of Sexuality in France (1950–1990)]. Paris: Payot, pp. 189–193.
2.
Senate Report no. 442, cited in Mossuz-Lavau 1991, p. 192.
3.
Mossuz-Lavau 1991; Sohn, Anne-Marie (2006): “Le corps sexué” [The Sexed Body], in A. Corbin, J. Courtine, and G. Vigarello (eds.): Histoire du corps. Les mutations du regard. Le XXe siècle [History of the Body. The Mutations of the Gaze. The Twentieth Century]. Volume 3. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, p. 125; Vigarello, Georges (1998): Histoire du viol. XVIe–XXe siècle [A History of Rape: Sexual Violence in France from the 16th to the 20th Century]. Paris: Éditions du Seuil; Welzer-Lang, Daniel (1988): Le viol au masculin [Masculine Rape]. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan.
4.
Sohn 2006, pp. 125–126.
5.
Vigarello 1998, p. 7.
6.
Op. cit., pp. 24–26.
7.
In mangling with steep and wheel, the criminal’s arms and legs were first crushed with a mallet, and then the criminal was tied onto a wheel placed at the top of a pole.
8.
In the period 1540–1692, there were only 49 reports of rape in the Paris Parliament, which represents an average of less than three rapes per decade. Most of these reports involved extremely violent rapes of young children. Vigarello 1998, p. 69.
9.
Op. cit., p. 243.
10.
Op. cit., p. 180.
11.
Op. cit., pp. 215–216.
12.
Op. cit., pp. 225–227.
13.
Op. cit., p. 182.
14.
Mossuz-Lavau 1991, pp. 198–203.
15.
Quotation in Storti 2010, p. 115. From the article “Le Viol, un titre, deux livres, l’un par Susan Brownmiller, l’autre par Marie-Odile Fargier” [The Rape, One Title, Two Books, One by Susan Brownmiller, the Other by Marie-Odile Fargier], Libération, 25 November 1976.
16.
Mossuz-Lavau 1991, p. 202. Quotation from Rouge, 26 June 1976.
17.
Quotation from Ginou Richard: “Viol: trois ans de lutte, pourquoi?” [Rape: Three Years of Struggle, Why?], F magazine, no. 6, juin 1978, p. 31.
18.
Mossuz-Lavau 1991, p. 198. Quotation from La Croix, 11 April 1980.
19.
Vigarello 1998, p. 193.
20.
For arguments supporting the use of the Correctional Tribunal, see the accusation by the public prosecutor Perfetti in “Le réquisitoire” [The Indictment], in Choisir la cause des femmes (1976): Viol. Le procès d’Aix [Rape. The Process in Aix]. Paris: Gallimard, pp. 253–255.
21.
“Med bøder eller med fængsel indtil 1 aar straffes den, som holder offentlig foredrag eller istandbringer offentlig forestilling eller udstilling af utugtigt indhold, eller som medvirker til, at saadanne foredrag, forestillinger eller udstillinger finder sted.
Paa samme maade straffes den, som bevirker eller medvirker til, at utugtige skrifter, billeder eller deslige offentlig falholdes, udstilles eller paa anden maade søges utbredte blant almenheden.
Forøver nogen som sin næring i løbet af 2 aar tvende gange saadan forbrydelse som oven nævnt, kan retten til at fortsætte næringen frakjendes ham.” Quoted in Århelle 1981, p. 8.
22.
Rollnes, Kjetil: “Pornografi” [Pornography], Store norske leksikon, http://snl.no; “Pornography,” Oxford Dictionaries.
23.
The account of the content of the pornography in this period is based on Tessem, Liv Berit, and Kjetil Wiedswang (1984): Pornorge. Krigere og kremmere på pornomarkedet i 30 år [PorNorway. Warriors and Peddlers on the Porn Market for 30 Years]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 85–88.
24.
On the pornography debates of the 1950s, see Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, pp. 22–27.
25.
From the debates at the Storting, quoted in Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 25.
26.
“Forandringer i straffebestemmelsene om pornografi m.v.” [Changes in the Penalties Regarding Pornography etc.]. Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 27.
27.
Korsvik 2014, p. 18. For the protests by the Norwegian Association for Women’s Rights against the seizure, see Moksnes, Aslaug (1984): Likestilling eller særstilling? Norsk Kvinnesaksforening 1884–1913 [Gender Equality or Unique Position? Norwegian Association for Women’s Rights 1884–1913]. Oslo: Gyldendal, p. 128.
28.
Tessem og Wiedswang 1984, pp. 22–27.
29.
In 1953, however, there were two convictions for image pornography. Århelle, Tone (1981): Pornografiens vilkår i Norge. En undersøkelse av domstolspraksis i Oslo 1953–78. Institutt for offentlig retts skriftserie [Conditions of Pornography in Norway. An Investigation of Court Jurisdictions in Oslo 1953–78. Department of Public Law, University of Oslo]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 16–42.
30.
Rem, Tore (2010): Født til frihet. En biografi om Jens Bjørneboe [Born to Freedom. A Biography on Jens Bjørneboe]. Volume 2. Oslo: Cappelen Damm, p. 276. The penalty in the city Court of 16 June 1967 was a symbolic 100 NOK fine for Bjørneboe and 10,000 NOK for the publisher, in addition to the legal expenses and cost of confiscation of the books. Both the defendants and the prosecution appealed the verdict, and when the case was settled in the Supreme Court on 15 December 1967, the penalty was raised to 1000 NOK for Bjørneboe and 50,000 for the publisher, in addition to the legal fees and costs of confiscation.
31.
Bjørneboe, Jens (1966): “Istedenfor en forsvarstale” [Instead of a Defense Speech], in A. Nordhus et al. (eds.): En tråd. Seks innlegg om pornografi [A Thread. Six Posts about Pornography]. Oslo: Pax Forlag, pp. 43, 52–53.
32.
“Jag är nyfiken—en film i gult” [I Am Curious (Yellow)], from 1967, was directed by Vilgot Sjöman. The 1968 sequel, “Jag är nyfiken—en film i blått” [I Am Curious (Blue)], was recorded simultaneously. Lena Nyman played the lead role of a political agitator who exposed the Swedish “class society”—that is, a society in which the bourgeoisie exploits the working class.
33.
Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 41. In the Pax-book En tråd (A Thread) there is an extended overview of Severinsen’s assortment of “magazines, books and phonograph records from Six magazine store, Oslo.”
34.
Rem 2010, p. 276.
35.
Århelle 1981, p. 31. See also Kvam, Ragnar (ed.) (1966): Norske sengehester. Ukyske noveller [Norwegian Bedhorses. Unchaste Short Stories]. Oslo: Pax Forlag. The contributors were Lars Berg, Jan Bull, Lisbeth Bull, Ketil Gjessing, Helge Hagerup, Carl Hambro, Axel Jensen, Georg Johannesen, and Ragnar Kvam. In Norwegian, the word “mørkemann” (shadowman) refers to Christians who oppose enlightenment and spiritual freedom.
36.
Gulli, Brita M. (2007): “Gjenerobring av kvinnekroppen” [Reclaiming the Female Body], Kvinnehistorie.no.
37.
Rustad, Unni (2007): “Kampen mot pornografi på 1970-tallet: Unni Rustad forteller” [The Struggle Against Pornography in the 1970s: Unni Rustad Relates]. Kvinnehistorie.no. See also Århelle 1981; Hompland 2003; Tessem and Wiedswang 1984.
38.
Hompland 2003, p. 282; Rustad 2007; Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 60.
39.
Jensen, Axel (1966): “Bølgen” [The Wave], in A. Nordhus et al. (eds.): En tråd. Seks innlegg om pornografi [A Thread. Six Posts About Pornography]. Oslo: Pax Forlag, p. 64.
40.
Op. cit., p. 65.
41.
A collection of essays that offers a good example of this kind of social criticism is Gudevold, Rolf J. (1978): Strømninger: mellom tradisjon og apokalypse: tidskritikk 1966–1978 [Currents: Between Tradition and Apocalypse: Time Criticism 1966–1978]. Oslo: Lanser Forlag.
42.
The designation of Grønseth as a Reichian refers to the fact that he was inspired by the theories of Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), an Austrian doctor, psychotherapist, and student of Sigmund Freud. After the Nazi takeover in 1933, Reich fled from Germany. He spent some time in Norway, where his very radical ideas regarding sexual liberation influenced Norwegian intellectuals such as the author Sigurd Hoel and the psychiatrist Nic Waal. See Wilhelm Reich, https://snl.no/Wilhelm_Reich.
43.
Nordhus, Alf (1966): “Pornografiparagrafen” [The Pornography Clause], in A. Nordhus et al. (eds.) 1966, p. 22.
44.
Århelle 1981, p. 57.
45.
Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 49.
46.
Gulbrandsen, Barbara, Lise Kari Holøs, and Anne Britt Bertelsen (1984): “Pornografi. Menns makt – kvinners avmakt?” [Pornography. Men’s Power—Women’s Powerlessness?]. Term paper in journalism. Oslo: Norwegian School of Journalism, p. 11.
47.
Regarding this action see Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, pp. 61–65.
48.
Aftenposten, evening issue, 30 August 1973, p. 16.
49.
Minutes from Parliament negotiations, 25 October 1974, quoted in Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 64. See also Hompland 2003, pp. 280–281.
50.
Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 64.
51.
Århelle 1981, p. 9.
52.
Op. cit., p. 42; Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 8.
53.
Århelle 1981, p. 16.
54.
The publication was strongly inspired by the American collection of writings Notes from the Second Year: Women’s Liberation, which was published by the New York Radical Feminists the same year. The title “Women’s Liberation Year Zero” illustrates how, in 1970, the activists themselves believed they represented something completely new and had no relationship with the “shy and conformist” women in the established women’s movement up to that time. Picq 1993, p. 12.
55.
“Le viol” [Rape], Partisans, nr. 54–55, 1970, published in Bernheim, Cathy, Liliane Kandel, Françoise Picq, and Nadia Ringart (eds.) (2009): Mouvement de Libération des Femmes. Textes premiers [Women’s Liberation Movement. First Texts]. Paris: Stock, p. 239. The article was unsigned in 1970, but was written by Emmanuelle de Lesseps.
56.
The occupation at Renault is presented in Le Torchon Brûle 1 [1971]. The other examples are from Le Torchon Brûle 2 [1971] and 4 [1972].
57.
“Asservies, humiliées, les femmes/Achetées, vendues, violées/Dans toutes les maisons, les femmes/Hors du monde régulées,” “Hymne du MLF,” Le Torchon Brûle 3 [1972].
58.
de Pisan and Tristan 1977, pp. 85–91; Picq 1993, p. 145.
59.
“M.L.F. vaincra!” [M.L.F. Is Going to Win!], Le Nouvel Observateur 22.5, 1972. Published in Fouque et al. (eds.) 2008, pp. 472–473.
60.
“Les 13 et 14 mai 1972: Dénonciation des crimes contre les femmes” [13 and 14 May 1972: Denunciation of Crimes Against Women], leaflet published in Fouque et al. (eds.) 2008, p. 461.
61.
“La Mutualité” [Mutuality], in Fouque et al. (eds.) 2008, pp. 107–108.
62.
“Le viol” [Rape], Le Torchon Brûle 4 [1972] [unpaged]. Unless otherwise noted, the following quotes are from this text.
63.
The idea of schizophrenia as a kind of authentic rebellion against a sick, authoritarian society echoes the view of the anti-psychiatry movement of the 1960s and 1970s. See Gros, Frédéric (2008): “L’antipsychiatrie: la folie change de visage” [Anti-psychiatry: Madness Changes Face], in P. Artières and M. Zancarini-Fournel (eds.), 68. Une histoire collective (1962–1981) [68. A Collective History]. Paris: Éditions La Découverte, pp. 592–599. See also Davidsen, Silje, and Trine Rogg Korsvik (2006): “Hippielegen. Jan Greves psykedeliske kamp mot autoriteter” [The Hippie Doctor. Jan Greve’s Psychedelic Struggle Against Authorities], in T.E. Førland and T.R. Korsvik (eds.): 1968. Opprør og motkultur på norsk [1968. Rebellion and Counterculture in Norway]. Oslo: Pax Forlag, pp. 76–77.
64.
Cohen, Annie: “Au nom de la révolution” [In the Name of the Revolution], Libération, 8 November 1973, p. 8.
65.
On the founding of the original Maoist newspaper Libération, see Guisnel, Jean (2008): “Trois fois rien sur Libération” [Three Times Nothing on Liberation], in P. Artières and M. Zancarini-Fournel (eds.), pp. 688–692.
66.
de Beauvoir, Simone: “Le sexisme ordinaire” [Ordinary Sexism], Les Temps modernes, no. 329, December 1973, quoted in Laubier, Claire (ed.) (1990): The Condition of Women in France 1945 to the Present. A Documentary Anthology. London: Routledge, p. 77. The issue of Maï’s article that I refer to here, however, is from the feminist anthology Les femmes s’entêtent [Stubborn Women] from 1975. Maï (1975): “Un viol si ordinaire, un impérialisme si quotidien” [A Rape so Ordinary, an Imperialism so Everyday], Les femmes s’entêtent [Stubborn Women]. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, pp. 188–210.
67.
Cohen, Libération, 8 November 1973, p. 8.
68.
Ibid.
69.
“…et le courrier de lecteurs à propos de l’article ‘Au nom de la révolution’” […and the Readers’ Opinion Pieces About the Article “In the Name of the Revolution”], Libération, 15 November 1973, p. 4. The opinion pieces in Libération (as in this case) were often summarized by the editors instead of the entire texts being published.
70.
“La chronique de Jean-Paul Sartre: ‘Où commence le viol? Est-ce que tout acte sexuel est déjà un viol? La femme doit-elle composer avec le pouvoir mâle?… Ou y-a-t-il un chemin révolutionnaire à la sexualité’?” [The Opinion Piece of Jean-Paul Sartre: “Where Does Rape Begin? Is Every Sexual Act Already a Rape? Does the Woman Have to Deal with Male Power?… Or Is There a Revolutionary Path to Sexuality?”], Libération, 15 November 1973, p. 4.
71.
Bourseiller, Christophe (1996): Les Maoïstes: la folle histoire des gardes rouges français [The Maoists: The Crazy Story of the French Red Guards]. Paris: Plon, p. 157.
72.
See Flynn, Thomas (2012): “Jean-Paul Sartre,” in E.N. Zalta (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
73.
“La chronique de Jean-Paul Sartre…,” Libération, 15 November 1973, p. 4. The following quotations from Sartre are from the same article.
74.
Maï (1975): “Un viol si ordinaire, un impérialisme si quotidien” [A Rape so Ordinary, an Imperialism so Everyday], Les femmes s’entêtent [Stubborn Women]. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, p. 204.
75.
“La chronique de Jean-Paul Sartre…,” Libération, 15 November 1973, p. 4.
76.
“Courrier sur la sexualité (suite) ‘Où commence le viol?’” [Letters on Sexuality (Continued). “Where Does Rape Begin?”], Libération, 20 December 1973, p. 8. The following quotes are from this review article of the various opinion pieces.
77.
Maï 1975, p. 198. The quote that the power grows out of the phallus—“Le pouvoir est au bout du phallus”—was an MLF slogan and a rephrasing of Chairman Mao’s quote “Le pouvoir est au bout du fusil” [Political Power Grows Out of the Barrel of a Gun].
78.
Maï 1975, p. 210.
79.
de Pisan and Tristan 1977, p. 161. In this book, Maï is called Louison.
80.
“Le viol” [Rape], Les Nouvelles féministes, no. 1, December 1974, p. 11–13.
81.
Simone de Beauvoir in “Le viol,” Les Nouvelles féministes, no. 1, December 1974, p. 11.
82.
“Le viol,” Les Nouvelles féministes, no. 1, December 1974, p. 12.
83.
Ibid.
84.
“Tribunal international” [International Tribunal], Les Nouvelles féministes, no. 12, Mai 1976 [unpaged].
85.
“Le viol,” Nouvelles féministes, no. 1, December 1974, p. 13.
86.
Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 33.
87.
Universitas, no. 4–5, 1973, last page. Other slogans were “Alle kvinner med i kvinnekampen” [All Women Join the Women’s Struggle], “Vi vil ha menneskelønn, ikke kvinnelønn” [We Want Human Wages, Not Women’s Wages], “Fri abort er en kvinnerettighet” [Free Abortion on Demand Is a Women’s Right], “Daghjem og fritidshjem til alle barn—følg også industriens arbeidstider” [Day-Care Centers and Leisure Centers for All Children—Follow Also the Working Hours of Industry], “Alle kvinners rett til smertefri fødsel” [Every Woman’s Right to Painless Delivery], “Nei til dobbeltarbeid for kvinner: Halve arbeidsbyrden i hjemmet er mannens” [No to the Double Workload of Women: Half the Workload at Home Belongs to the Man]. There were also slogans about equal rights to education and work, social security and pensions, and the right to contraception guidance and free contraceptives.
88.
Arbeidsutvalget in KVINNEFRONTEN: Om Kvinnefronten [The Working Committee of the WOMEN’S FRONT: About the Women’s Front] (1972). ABA. This hand-print contains, in addition to minutes, proposals for a work program for groups of the Women’s Front, and a list of recommended literature. The source material from the New Feminists, established in 1970, is sketchy, so it’s difficult to establish whether or not they had a policy on pornography during the early years.
89.
Om Kvinnefronten (1972), pp. 7–8. The following quotations are from the same source.
90.
Kvinnefronten, no. 2, 1972; Rytter, Kirsten, and Inge Ås (1973): “Om å være heks på Karl Johan. Feminisme og motkultur” [About Being a Witch on Karl Johan (main street of Oslo). Feminism and Counterculture], Kvinnens årbok 1974 [The Women’s Yearbook 1974]. Oslo: Pax Forlag, pp. 16–17; Haukaa 1982, p. 103.
91.
Haukaa 1982, p. 103.
92.
“Apropos parolen ‘nei til kvinnen som salgsvare’” [Speaking of the Slogan “No to Woman as Merchandise”], Kvinnefronten, no. 2, 1972.
93.
Haukaa 1982; Hompland 2003; and Karlsen, Torill Enger (1991): “Anti-pornokampen i Norge gjennom 15 år (1974–1990)” [Anti-Pornography Campaign in Norway Throughout 15 Years]. Published by the Women’s Front of Norway.
94.
Birgit Bjerck, Kari Melby, and Brita Gulli: “Kjønnsliberalisme og kvinneundertrykkelse i manns-samfunnet” [Sexual Liberalism and Women’s Oppression in Male Society], Dagbladet, 21 February 1974 [emphasis in original].
95.
Conversation with Birgit Bjerck, 28 June 2010. The following year, Thorsen was convicted of pimping after the sex club he ran in Brugata 17, Oslo—Club Blue Heaven—was closed by the police. Århelle 1981, pp. 30–32; Fjeld-Pedersen, J.J. (1976): Hele verden på et sølvfat [The Whole World on a Silver Platter]. Oslo: Zenith Forlag, pp. 132–133. See also Chapter 3 herein.
96.
Birgit Bjerck, Kari Melby, and Brita Gulli: “Kjønnsliberalisme og kvinneundertrykkelse I manns-samfunnet” [Sexual Liberalism and Women’s Oppression in Male Society], Dagbladet, 21 February 1974. Unless otherwise notes, the following quotes are from this opinion piece.
97.
Edel Hildre, Sidsel Thoresen Øistad, and Inger Lise Breivik: “Kristen seksualetikk” [Christian Sexual Ethics], Dagbladet, 28 February 1974 [emphasis in original].
98.
Kay Jacobsen in Dagbladet, 5 March 1974.
99.
Knut Kleve: “Er mannen en gris?” [Is Man a Pig?], Dagbladet, 9 March 1974.
100.
Alice Braadland: “Hvem skapte grisen?” [Who Created the Pig?”]; Runa Haukaa: Myter og menn” [Myths and Men]; Merle Endresen: “Gris eller helt” [Pig or Hero]; Lars Maanum: “Menn vil gjøre kvinnen til mann” [Men Want to Make the Woman a Man]; Anders Bratholm: “Er kvinnen også en gris?” [Is the Woman also a Pig?], all in Dagbladet, 12 March 1974, p. 12.
101.
Lars Maanum: “Menn vil gjøre kvinnen til mann” [Men Want to Make the Woman a Man], Dagbladet, 12 March 1974.
102.
Anders Bratholm: “Er kvinnen også en gris?” [Is the Woman also a Pig?], Dagbladet, 12 March 1974.
103.
Birgit Bjerck, Brita M. Gulli, and Kari Melby: “Vi kan ikke lenger være barmhjertige samaritanere” [We Can No Longer Be Merciful Samaritans], Dagbladet, 23 March 1974.
104.
Birgit: “Temagruppe om pornografi” [Theme Group on Pornography], Oslofeministen, no. 2, 1974, p. 16.
105.
Konny Krogh: “Aksjoner” [Actions], Oslofeministen, no. 10, 1975, pp. 10–11. According to the article, other actions had also been carried out. For example, it is mentioned that some unknown people had put stickers on the same commercial posters of Nye Alle Menn that read “Sister Solidarity. Crush Nye Alle Menn. Crush the Pornography Industry. Long Live the Women’s Front. Julie Ege Is the Trueborn Child of Capital” [Søstersolidaritet. Knus Nye Alle Menn. Knus pornoindustrien. Leve Kvinnefronten. Julie Ege kapitalens ektefødde barn]. The author wanted to cooperate with the activists on future actions against advertising for Nye Alle Menn.
106.
Tessem and Wiedswang 1984, p. 98.
107.
Haase-Dubosc, Danielle et al. (2003): “An Introduction by the French Editors,” in D. Haase-Dubosc et al. (eds.): French Feminism: An Indian Anthology. New Delhi: Sage, p. 23.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Kilden Gender Research.no, Oslo, Norway
Trine Rogg Korsvik

Authors

Trine Rogg Korsvik
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trine Rogg Korsvik .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Korsvik, T.R. (2021). Addressing the Problem: Rape and Pornography Become Feminist Political Issues. In: Politicizing Rape and Pornography. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55639-6_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55639-6_2
Published: 25 October 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-55638-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-55639-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics