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Heat Vulnerability Index Development and Application in Medan City, Indonesia

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Book cover Integrated Research on Disaster Risks

Part of the book series: Disaster Risk Reduction ((DRR))

Abstract

In Medan City, the Indonesian largest urban area in Sumatra Island, the extreme temperature events in the past 30 years have become more frequent. This phenomenon causes potential health thread to rapidly growing urban population. Moreover, the situation is likely to become more severe in the future under urban sprawl and climate change. Accordingly, it is imperative to understand the vulnerability of the city to extreme temperature with robust indices and spatial visualization in order to provide a baseline for planning responses to such risk. Thus, this research aims to assess heat vulnerability in Medan City, by developing and applying Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) based on the commonly used health indicators and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Spatial visualization of the HVI analysis demonstrated a higher vulnerability within the downtown areas of Medan City, compared with suburbs where the density of built-up areas contributes as the highest factor loading for the index. The positive effect of urban green area also can be shown by the assessment of PCA where the sign of factor loading was negative. Furthermore, our assessment also indicates that the HVI has positive correlation with number of hypertension patient and respiratory disease patient as 0.71 and 0.46, respectively. Though the impacts of heat stress are alarming, the integration of heat-related risk map into the master plan for spatial planning of Medan City have not been taken into consideration. This information will be very useful for local authorities when deciding on targeted campaign of urban climate adaptation, for example, increasing open green space by private sector including green roof top initiative. In addition, one of the HVI components (i.e., Universal Thermal Climate Index) also could assist the heat warning system in the future. However, some limitations existed in this study such as the analysis was at sub-district level instead of finer spatial resolution and the ideal study should include more heat-related illnesses but these data are not currently available in the study area.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ministry of the Environment Japan for funding the research under the theme of Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia in collaboration with Ministry of National Development Planning of the Republic of Indonesia (BAPPENAS), and to Indonesian authorities (BMKG and BPS) for providing climatic and statistical data. Also, this research was partially supported by the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) through Kakenhi Program (i.e., Award no. 19H0114, PI: Kensuke Fukushi) and JSPS's core-to-core program, Center of Excellence in Health Risk Assessment for Adaptation to Climate Change. 

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institutes for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Martiwi Diah Setiawati, Marcin Pawel Jarzebski & Kensuke Fukushi

Authors
  1. Martiwi Diah Setiawati
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  2. Marcin Pawel Jarzebski
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  3. Kensuke Fukushi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martiwi Diah Setiawati .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan

    Riyanti Djalante

  2. Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan

    Mizan B. F. Bisri

  3. Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan

    Rajib Shaw

Appendices

Appendix 1: Energy Consumption in Non-Residential Building (MJ/m2/year)

Type

Electricity

Urban gas

Office (including factory)

788

213

Department store

1458

438

Commodity retail

1421

185

Other retail

1421

185

Restaurant/cafe

1418

2013

Hotel

1400

1431

School

377

191

Hospital

996

846

Others

836

664

Appendix 2: Energy Consumption Per Residential Building (MJ/year)

 

Electricity (MJ/year)

Urban gas (MJ/year)

Single person

10,497.44882

8524.069917

Multiple people

13,672.69638

10,784.191

Appendix 3: Anthropogenic Resources of Heat

figure a

Appendix 4: Heat Vulnerability Index Map

figure b

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Setiawati, M.D., Jarzebski, M.P., Fukushi, K. (2021). Heat Vulnerability Index Development and Application in Medan City, Indonesia. In: Djalante, R., Bisri, M.B.F., Shaw, R. (eds) Integrated Research on Disaster Risks. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55563-4_6

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