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The Holocaust and the Jewish Survivors in the Swedish-Jewish Press, 1945–1955

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Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden

Part of the book series: The Holocaust and its Contexts ((HOLC))

Abstract

This chapter examines the Jewish public discourse on the Holocaust and the survivors in Sweden during the first decade after the war. The author concludes that there was no silence surrounding the Holocaust in the Swedish-Jewish press. On the contrary, the press became an important arena for various discussions about the Holocaust. However, the author also identifies silences, or rather the absence of coherent narratives concerning Swedish-Jewish heroes and heroines, or actions taken by the Swedish-Jewish community on behalf of the persecuted Jews of Europe as well as concerning Jewish survivors in Sweden, especially women, who were not commonly present in the two main Swedish-Jewish publications. This is surprising, considering that most of the survivors in Sweden were indeed women.

This chapter is written within the project Jewish and woman: Intersectional and historical perspectives on Jewish women’s lives in Sweden during the 20th and 21st centuries. Funded by the Swedish Research Council. Dnr. 2016-03983. Wahlgrenska Stiftelsen provided a scholarship that made a pre-study for this chapter possible.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Jewish memories, D375:192, Archive of the Nordic Museum. My translation of the archived transcript from the interview in Swedish to English.

  2. 2.

    Eric J. Sundquist, ‘Silence Reconsidered. An Afterword’ in After the Holocaust. Challenging the Myth of Silence, eds. David Cesarani and Eric J. Sundquist (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2012), 202–203; Hasia R. Diner, We Remember with Reverence and Love. American Jews and the Myth of Silence after the Holocaust (New York: New York University Press, 2009). Silence is, indeed, a complicated empirical and theoretical concept, which has been widely researched and discussed in, for example, oral history and memory studies. See for example Alexandre Dessingué and Jay Winter, Beyond Memory. Silence and the Aesthetics of Remembrance (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2016); Marianne Hirsch and Valerie Smith, ‘Feminism and Cultural Memory: An Introduction’, in Signs. Gender and Cultural Memory Special Issue 28, no. 1 (2002): 1–19; Henry Greenspan, ‘The Unsaid, the Incommunicable, the Unbearable, and the Irretrievable’ Oral History Review 41, no. 2 (2014): 229–243.

  3. 3.

    See, for example, Judy Tydor Baumel, Double Jeopardy. Gender and the Holocaust (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 1998); Marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair. Jewish Women in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, [1998] 1999); Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weizman, Women in the Holocaust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); Anna Reading, The social inheritance of the Holocaust. Gender, culture and memory (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002); Joan Ringelheim, ‘Women and the Holocaust. A Reconsideration of Research’, Signs 10, no. 4 (1985): 741–761; Carol Rittner and John Roth eds, Different Voices. Women in the Holocaust (New York: Paragon House, 1993); Zoe Waxman, Women in the Holocaust. A Feminist History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).

  4. 4.

    Ingrid Lomfors, ‘Inledning’, in Judiska minnen. Berättelser från Förintelsen, ed. Britta Johansson (Stockholm: Nordiska museet, 2000), 8; Anders Ohlsson, ‘Men ändå måste jag berätta.’ Studier i skandinavisk förintelselitteratur (Nora: Nya Doxa, 2002), 7–42; Ulf Zander, ‘Efterskrift’ in Befrielsen av Bergen-Belsen, Ben Shephard (Lund: Historiska media, 2005), 233.

  5. 5.

    Diner, We Remember with Reverence and Love.

  6. 6.

    Malin Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors. The first public narratives about the survivors in the Swedish-Jewish press’ in Reaching a State of Hope. Refugees, Immigrants and the Swedish Welfare State, 1930–2000, eds. Mikael Byström and Pär Frohnert (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2013), 145–164. Malin Thor Tureby, ‘Svenska änglar och hyenor möter tacksamma flyktingar. Mottagningen av befriade koncentrationslägerfångar i skånsk press under året 1945’, Historisk Tidskrift 135, no. 2 (2015): 266–300.

  7. 7.

    There also existed other publications, for example, Församlingsblad för Mosaiska församlingen i Stockholm, which was distributed to the members of the Jewish Community of Stockholm from 1940; Vår Röst [Our Voice], published during the years 1949 to 1953 by the Swedish Section of World Jewish Congress; and Unser Blatt [Our Paper] (1947–1949) for Jewish refugees and survivors. JK and JT were geared primarily to a Jewish audience, although not to a specific group, but to all Jews in Sweden. They also aimed to address and explain different Jewish subjects for a Swedish gentile public.

  8. 8.

    Judiska församlingen i Göteborg, Judiska Hjälpfonden, Protokoll 1933–1942, AI: 1, Protokoll fört vid sammanträde den 11 maj 1938, §4.

  9. 9.

    Stephen Fruitman, Creating a New Heart. Marcus Ehrenpreis on Jewry and Judaism (Umeå: Umeå Universitet, 2001), 89–91.

  10. 10.

    Fruitman Creating a New Heart, 11; Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors’, 145–146.

  11. 11.

    See for example Daniel Brick, ‘Det demokratiska England och de överlevande på den europeiska kontinenten’, JK, no. 7 (1945): 118–120; Elihau Dobkin, ‘De överlevande judarnas öde. En historia om skam och förödmjukelse’, JK, no. 7 (1945): 122–125; Alfred Michaelis, ‘Förskräckelse utan slut. Till den europeiska judefrågan’, JT, no. 3 (1946): 77–79; ‘Judarnas ställning i Europa’, JK, no. 5 (1946): 121–123; ‘Judiska Världskongressens konferens’, JK, no. 4 (1948): 46; ‘Den europeiska judenhetens läge i olika länder’, JT, no. 5. (1946): 138–147; Schlomo Katz, ‘De 100.000 tvångsförflyttade judarna’, JK, no. 6 (1946): 131–134; Gunhild Bergh, ‘Lägerliv i Italien’, JT no. 3 (1947): 83–86; James G. McDonald, ‘Vart kan flyktingarna ta vägen?’, JK, no. 4 (1947): 73; ‘Judarna i Europa’ JK, no. 4 (1947): 75–76; ‘Med en FN-delegation hos de tvångsförflyttade’ JK, no. 7 (1947): 121–125; ‘En amerikanare om displaced persons’, JK, no. 9 (1947): 161–162; ‘Ingen tysk ångrar, vad som hänt judarna’, JK, no. 3 (1948): 36; Max Nussbaum, ‘En amerikans intryck från Europa och Palestina’, JK, no. 9, 1948: 105–106; ‘Värnplikt för “displaced persons”’, JK, no. 11 (1948): 131; Marie Syrkin, ‘Skolorna för displaced persons’, JK, no. 13 (1948): 148–149.

  12. 12.

    Cf. Diner, We Remember with Reverence and Love, 109–119 for a similar conclusion about the American-Jewish press. See also Lawrence Baron, ‘The Holocaust and American Public Memory, 1945–1960’ in Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17, no. 1 (2003): 62–88.

  13. 13.

    ‘Från de tvångsförflyttades värld’, JK, no. 3 (1947): 54–57.

  14. 14.

    ‘Brev från en moder’, JK, no. 3 (1945): 37.

  15. 15.

    See also Karin Sjögren, Judar i det svenska folkhemmet. Minne och identitet i Judisk krönika 1948–1958 (Eslöv: Brutus Östlings bokförlag Symposion, 2001).

  16. 16.

    See, for example, Ernst Benedikt, ‘Förnuftets bankrutt?’, JT, no. 5 (1946): 148–152; Hugo Valentin, ‘Araber, judar och engelsmän’, JT, no. 2 (1947): 44–46; Marika Stiernstedt, ‘Hur ska vår tid ordna för judarna’, JT, no. 5 (1947): 137–144; I. R. Werfel, ‘Staten Israel och de skingrades hemkomst’, JT, no. 7 (1949): 189–191.

  17. 17.

    ‘Brevväxling mellan professorerna Heckscher och Ehrenpreis’, JT, no. 8 (1947): 241–248; Eli Heckscher, ‘De hemlösa judarnas framtid’, JT, no. 10 (1947): 319–322; Hugo Valentin; ‘Zionismen och verkligheten. Slutreplik till professor Heckscher’, JT, no. 20 (1947): 370–371.

  18. 18.

    Hugo Valentin, ‘Den brittiska antizionismen’, JT no. 10 (1947): 305–309; ‘Englands del av skulden’, JK, no. 1–2 (1947): 32–34; ‘Englands problem i Mellersta Östern’, JK, no. 4 (1947): 69.

  19. 19.

    ‘Exodus 1947’, JK, no. 7 (1947): 125; ‘Den skamliga tvångslandsättningen i Hamburg’, JK, no. 8 (1947): 147; Léon Blum, ‘Flyktingbåten “Exodus” drama’, JT, no. 8 (1947): 249–250; ‘Flyktingarna från Exodus 1947’, JK, no. 3 (1948): 37. For a discussion about Exodus in Swedish and international press, see Antero Holmila, Reporting the Holocaust in the British, Swedish and Finnish Press, 1945–50 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 139–147.

  20. 20.

    ‘Exodus 1947’, JK, no. 7 (1947): 125.

  21. 21.

    Daniel Brick, ‘Det demokratiska England och de överlevande på den europeiska kontinenten’, JK, no. 7 (1945): 118–120; Claire Neikind, ‘Den engelska flottan kämpar mot hemlösa människor’, JK (1947): 1–2, 26.

  22. 22.

    See for example: ‘Englands del av skulden’, JK, no. 1–2 (1947): 32–34; ‘Från de tvångsförflyttades värld’, JK, no. 3 (1947): 54–57; Arthur Koestler, ‘Brev till fadern till en brittisk soldat’, JK, no. 7 (1947): 118–121; ‘Engelska flottan överfaller ett obeväpnat flyktingfartyg’, JK, no. 7 (1947): 126; ‘Creech Jones förr och nu’, JK, no. 6 (1948): 67; ‘Brittisk smädeskampanj mot flyktingar’, JK, no. 2 (1948): 20–22; ‘Den brittiska förtalskampanjen mot judiska flyktingar’, JK, no. 3 (1948): 35–36.

  23. 23.

    Rachel Deblinger, ‘David P. Boder. Holocaust Memory in Displaced Persons Camps’ in After the Holocaust, eds. Cesarani and Sundquist, 115–126.

  24. 24.

    Cf. David Cesarani, “Challenging the ‘Myth of Silence’ in, After the Holocaust, eds. Ceserani and Sundquist, 25–27. For similar conclusions about the British and American contexts, see: Baron, ‘The Holocaust and American Public Memory’, 62–88.

  25. 25.

    Moshe Braver, ‘Belsenprocessen’, JK, no. 9 (1945): 161–162, quote 162.

  26. 26.

    Sonja M. Hedgepleth and Rochelle G. Saidel, Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust, 1–10.

  27. 27.

    Ernst Benedikt, ‘Kurzio Malaparte om det judiska ödet’, JT, no. 4 (1948): 104–108, quote 107.

  28. 28.

    Tora Nordström-Bonnier, ‘För oss är kriget inte vunnet’, JT, no. 7 (1945): 211. See also Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors’.

  29. 29.

    Helene Sinnreich, ‘The Rape of Jewish Women during the Holocaust’ in Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust, eds. Sonia Hedgepeth and Rachel Saidel (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2010), 108–123.

  30. 30.

    Stacey Branwell, ‘Rassenschande, Genocide and the Reproductive Jewish body. Examining the Use of Rape and Sexualised Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust?’, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 15, no. 2 (2016): 208–227; Myrna Goldenberg, ‘Sex-based Violence and the Politics and Ethics of Survival’ in Different Horrors, Same Hell. Gender and the Holocaust, eds. Myrna Goldenberg and Amy Shapiro (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013), 99–127; Hedgepeth and Saidel, Sexual Violence against Jewish Women.

  31. 31.

    Zoe Waxman, ‘Testimonies and Representations’, in The Historiography of the Holocaust, ed. Dan Stone (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

  32. 32.

    However, outside the Swedish context, there are early publications that focus on gendered experiences during the Holocaust. Marie Syrkin wrote in 1947 about forced prostitution and the specific sufferings and resistance of women in Blessed is the Match. The Story of Jewish Resistance (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1947), 133–185.

  33. 33.

    See for example ‘Från skilda länder’, JK, no. 6 (1947): 111; ‘Muftins blå ögon’, JK, no. 9 (1948): 105; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Amerikansk psykiater om de anklagade i Nürnberg’, JT, no. 4 (1949): 107–111; ‘Warszawagettots bödel dömd’, JK, no. 16 (1951): 116; ‘Nazistbefälhavare dödsdömd för mord på judar’, JK, no. 3 (1955): 62.

  34. 34.

    See for example: Ernst Benedikt, ‘Krigsförbrytare i frihet’, JT, no. 5 (1947): 145–150; ‘En krigsförbrytare vid konferensen om Marshall-planen’, JK, no. 8 (1948): 94; Willy Weismann, ‘Tyskarna beklagar sig’, JK, no. 10 (1948): 116; ‘Berlinhumor’, JK, no. 13 (1948): 159; ‘Antisemitismen i Tyskland’, JK, no. 5 (1949): 61; ‘Den mördade, inte mördaren skyldig’, JK, no. 8 (1952): 158; Frans Arnheim, ‘I Västtyskland intet nytt’, JT, no. 8 (1949): 224–225; Frans Arnheim och Emil Kronheim, ‘Tyskland och vi’, JT no. 11 (1949): 314–318; Frans Arnheim, ‘Schacht och antisemitismen’, JT, no. 11 (1949): 325–326; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Fallet Ludendorff’, JT, no. 1 (1950): 15–19; Ernst Benedikt, ‘På det att vi icke må glömma’, JT, no. 8 (1954): 198–202; Paul Patera, ‘Också en värld av igår’, JT, no. 9 (1954): 248–250; ‘Har tyskarna ändrat sig?’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 38; ‘Förutvarande nazister i östtyska parlamentet’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 47.

  35. 35.

    See for example, ‘Försoning med Tyskland’, JK, no. 2 (1952): 49; ‘Skadeståndsförhandlingar med Tyskland’, JK, no. 3 (1952): 83; ‘Västtyskland undertecknar skadeståndsöverenskommelsen med Israel’, JK, no. 8 (1952): 165–167; ‘Skadeståndet med Västtyskland i hamn’, JK, no. 4 (1953): 81; ‘Skadeståndsanbud från Österrike’, JK, no. 3 (1954): 60; ‘Det “fattiga” Österrike och de “rika” judarna’, JK, no. 1 (1955): 7; ‘Judiska världskongressen och den tyska återupprustningen’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 46.

  36. 36.

    See for example: JK, no. 5–6 (1945): 103–104; Front cover, JK, no. 10 (1945); JK, no. 4 (1946) and JK no. 4 (1947).

  37. 37.

    ‘Räddningen av vår tids förföljda barn’, JK 1945: 5–6, 103–104; Julius Brutzkus, ‘De judiska barnen i Europa’, JK, no. 9 (1945): 154–155; ‘Krig mot barn’, JK, 1945:10, 175–176; Benno Hess, ‘Återresa Prag-Paris-Brüssel-Amsterdam-Stockholm’, JK, no. 10 (1945): 170; ‘Oneg sabbat i ett läger för tvångsförflyttade’, JK, no. 6 (1947): 104–105.

  38. 38.

    ‘Mitt namn är Chajim’, JK, no. 4 (1947): 76–77; ‘Berättelsen om en horra’, JK, no. 6 (1947).

  39. 39.

    Boaz Cohen, ‘Representing the Experiences of Children in the Holocaust. Children’s survivor testimonies published in Fun Letster Hurbn, Munich 1946–49’ in‘We are here’. New approaches to Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany, eds. Avinoam J. Patt and Michela Berkowitz (Detroit: Wayne State University Press 2010), 74–97.

  40. 40.

    Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors’, 147–149.

  41. 41.

    JK, no. 8 (1943): Front cover.

  42. 42.

    It was quite common to refer to the survivors as ‘The liberated of 1945’; ‘the Rescued of 1945’ or ‘the Rescued of 1945’. I use and quote the terminology used in the journals, while referencing the texts.

  43. 43.

    ‘Rabbinrådet i Sverige’, JT, no. 10 (1945): 295; Erwin Leiser, ‘Wir leben ewig’, JT, no. 9 (1945): 272–273; ‘Chanuka-hälsning till 1945 års räddade’, JT, no. 11 (1945): 342–343; ‘Ragnar Gottfarb om Joints arbete i Sverige’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 43.

  44. 44.

    See, for example, an ad for a bazaar in favor of the Jewish reconstruction work in Europe organised by the Jewish women’s club in Stockholm, JT, no. 2 (1945): 65; ‘För judiska barn på judisk mark’ (Soaré organised by KKL and WIZO), JK, no. 3 (1945): 41; ‘En vädjan från Judiska kvinnoklubben i Stockholm’, JT, no. 4 (1945): 126; ‘Mosaiska församlingens klädinsamling’, JT, no. 11 (1945): 327, no 12 (1945): 361; ‘Vår vädjan’, JK, no. 7 (1945): 130; ‘För de hemlösa judiska massorna’, JK, no. 8 (1947): 139; Ad from the Jewish community in Stockholm seeking Jewish foster homes for Jewish refugee children, JK, no. 11 (1948): 135; ‘Vi behöva sängar, stolar, små bord och skåp’, JT, no. 1 (1948): 16; ‘Judiska kvinnoklubben i Stockholm. Årsberättelser 1 april 1948–31 mars 1949’, JT, no. 6 (1949): 169.

  45. 45.

    See for example ‘Sara Mehr 60 år’, JK, no. 5 (1947): 94; ‘Hirsch Nissalowitz 60 år’, JK, no. 11 (1948): 133; ‘Stig Bendixon 60 år’, JK, no. 12 (1948): 142; ‘Julius Hüttner 70 år’, JK, no. 5 (1951): 63; ‘Marcus Kaplan är död’, JT, no. 8 (1953): 218–219; ‘Rabbin Jacobson död’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 48.

  46. 46.

    ‘Till alla judiska kvinnor (män) i Sverige’, JT, no. 6 (1945): 182; JT, no. 7 (1945): 201.

  47. 47.

    Marcus Levin, ‘“Displaced persons” till Norge’, JK, no. 6 (1947): 102.

  48. 48.

    Jack Diamond, ‘Judiska hjälporganisationer i Amerika’, JK, no. 8 (1945): 144–145; ‘Rabbinråd för räddade barns uppfostran’, JK, no. 8 (1945): 145; ‘Judiska Världskongressen’, JK, no. 8 (1945): 146; ‘Sveriges judiska skyddslingar i Budapest’, JT, no. 1 (1945): 23–24; Eva Reading, ‘Barnahjälp i befriade länder’, JT, no. 2 (1945): 49–53; ‘Ambulerade synagogor’, JT, no. 2 (1945): 64.

  49. 49.

    See for example ‘Har du gjort din plikt?’, JK, no. 10 (1948): 117; ‘Judiska kvinnor i Sverige’, Front cover JK, no. 4 (1948); ‘Förenade Israel-insamlingen’, Front cover JK, no. 1–2 (1949).

  50. 50.

    Diner, We Remember with Reverence and Love, 180–187.

  51. 51.

    ‘Flyktingar går i land i Erets Israel’, JK, no. 9 (1948): 103; ‘Judisk delegation hos Folke Bernadotte’, JK, no. 10 (1948): 118; ‘Keren Hajesod och den judiska staten’, JK, no. 13 (1948): 158; ‘Vem vill hjälpa Keren Kajemet’, JK, no. 16 (1948): 199.

  52. 52.

    Front cover, JK, no. 8 (1945): ‘“Hechaluz” hebreiska studievecka’, JK, no. 2 (1945): 30; ‘Från Bachads årskonferens’, JK, no. 6 (1947): 110; ‘Youth alijah in Sweden’, JK, no. 3 (1948): 38; Hans Wellisch, ‘Alijah från Sverige’, JK, no. 2 (1948): 240–241.

  53. 53.

    Hechaluz and Bachad had about 300 remaining members in Sweden in 1945 before the arrival of the camp survivors. In 1946, there were almost 4000 members registered.

  54. 54.

    See for example Hilda Andersson, ‘Kibbutz Svartingstorp i Skåne’, JT, no. 2 (1937): 56–58; The whole September issue of JK in 1944 was devoted to celebrating the tenth anniversary of the children and youth alijah. See JK, no. 7 (1944).

  55. 55.

    Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors’; Thor Tureby, ‘Svenska änglar och hyenor möter tacksamma flyktingar’.

  56. 56.

    I have found only one such article, see ‘61 av “1945 års räddade” till USA’, JK, no. 1 (1953): 16. See also Front cover JK, no. 4 (1946).

  57. 57.

    Cf. Thor Tureby, ‘Svenska änglar och hyenor möter tacksamma flyktingar’.

  58. 58.

    ‘Tre till Sverige räddade flickor berättar’, JK, no. 7 (1945), 83–85; ‘Jag flydde från Oswiecim’, JK, no. 7 (1945): 85–88.

  59. 59.

    M. Friediger, ‘Som Fange i Theresienstadt’, JK, no. 8 (1945): 141–143. Friediger was also interviewed in the Swedish press, see Thor Tureby, ‘Svenska änglar och hyenor möter tacksamma flyktingar’. He published the book Theresienstadt in 1946.

  60. 60.

    Dalia Ofer, ‘The Community and the Individual. The Different Narratives of Early and Late Testimonies and Their Significance for Historians’ in Holocaust Historiography in Context. Emergence, Challenges, Polemics and Achievements, eds. David Bankier and Dan Michman (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008), 519–535.

  61. 61.

    See for example ‘Från Stockholms mosaiska församlings fullmäktigesammanträde’, JK, no. 4 (1946): 101; Daniel Brick, ‘Fullmäktigevalet i Stockholms mosaiska församling’, no. 9 (1947): 155; Herman Seatiel, ‘Nya intryck från det gamla Sverige’, JK, no. 5 (1948): 51–52; ‘Möte i Blå Hallen’, JK, no. 6 (1948): 70; Hirsch Nissalowitz, ‘Traditionella gruppen’, JK, no. 7 (1948): 75.

  62. 62.

    See for example: ‘Meddelande’, JK, no. 9 (1947):166; ‘Judisk ungdom på konstnärlig frammarsch’, JK, no. 10 (1947): 189; ‘Samarbete erbjuds flykting’, JK, no. 2 (1948): 23.

  63. 63.

    Bengt Halden, ‘Att rädda en minoritet’, JT, no. 2 (1952): 47–49, quote on p. 47.

  64. 64.

    Beth Cohen, Case Closed. Holocaust Survivors in Postwar America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 155–172.

  65. 65.

    Bengt Halden, ‘Judisk flykting’, JT, no. 4 (1953): 105–107; Bengt Halden, ‘Resa med minnen’, JT, no. 3 (1954): 85–88.

  66. 66.

    Irene Levin, ‘Taushetens tale’, Nytt Norsk Tidskrift, no. 4 (2004): 380–381.

  67. 67.

    Mira Halden (born Teeman) was rescued to Sweden in 1945 from the Nazi concentration camps. Mira Teeman later published two books in Swedish Tre dagar innan (1956) and Lerbild av Rosa (1958) that relates to the Holocaust and being a survivor in Sweden.

  68. 68.

    Catherine Daligga, ‘Ilona Karmel 1925–2000’ in Jewish Women’s Archive: https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/karmel-ilona (accessed 2018-03-08).

  69. 69.

    Mira Halden and Bengt Halden, ‘Vägvisare genom Ingenmansland’, JT, no. 10 (1954): 276–278.

  70. 70.

    David Köpniwsky, ‘Att rädda en minoritet, JT, no. 2 (1952): 49–51.

  71. 71.

    See for example ‘Stockholms mosaiska församling och flyktingspolitiken’, JK, no. 2 (1945): 18; Marcus Ehrenpreis and Gunnar Josephson, ‘Stockholms mosaiska församlings flyktinghjälp’, JT, no. 20 (1947): 61–63; Frans Arnheim, ‘De mörka åren’, JT, no. 8 (1954): 211–214.

  72. 72.

    For further discussion on this subject, see Pontus Rudberg, ‘“A Record of Infamy.” The use and abuse of the Swedish Jewish response to the Holocaust’, in Scandinavian Journal of History, 36, no. 5 (2011), 536–554; Rudberg, Pontus. ‘The politics of Jewish refugee aid and relief work in Sweden’ in Reaching a State of Hope: Refugees, Immigrants and the Swedish Welfare State, 1930–2000, eds. Mikael Byström and Pär Frohnert (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2013), 80–101.

  73. 73.

    There was a silence about the extensive Swedish-Jewish relief work in the JK and JT, journals with both a Jewish and Gentile audience. However. Församlingsblad för Mosaiska församlingen i Stockholm, the member bulletin of the Jewish Community of Stockholm, gives a completely different picture. In Församlingsbladet there is a lot of information about different relief activities for and with the refugees during the 1940’s and 1950’s. See especially Församingsblad för Mosaiska församlingen i Stockholm, August 1947. This issue is devoted to reports about different relief works.The community journal was published in Swedish, but this number was also published in English, possibly as a response to articles published in Jewish Agency’s Digest, where the Swedish Jews were criticised for not doing enough to help the persecuted Jews of Europe during and after the war.

  74. 74.

    Emil Kronheim, ‘Till minnet av Israels döda’, JT, no. 5 (1945): 134–136.

  75. 75.

    ‘WIZO-kongress i Stockholm’, JK, no. 10 (1947): 187. See also ‘Möte i Blå Hallen’ no. 6 (1948): 71. Nusia Gold read a poem by Schalom Ash about the Warsaw ghetto uprising.

  76. 76.

    Herbert Friedländer, ‘Harald Isenstein. Med anledning av flyktingmonumentets avtäckning i Hälsingborg den 21 maj 1945’, JT, no. 5 (1945): 154–158; Harry Rubinstein, ‘Gravmonument i Malmö över nazismens offer’, JK, no. 1–2 (1950): 12; Erwin Leiser, ‘Willy Gordon’, JT, no. 5 (1950): 159–161.

  77. 77.

    Inga Gottfarb, ‘Besök i Belsen’, JT, no. 4 (1946): 105–108.

  78. 78.

    ‘Högtidsdagar i Trondheim’, JK, no. 10 (1947): 186–187.

  79. 79.

    ‘Judiskt gravmonument i Oslo’, JK, no. 1–2 (1949): 24; ‘Monument avtäckt’, JK, no. 18, (1951): 294; ‘Minnesmärke över koncentrationslägret i Belsen invigt’, JK, no. 1 (1953): 16.

  80. 80.

    ‘Judiska Världskongressen sammanträder’, JK, no. 4 (1948): 56.

  81. 81.

    ‘Ghettomonumentet i Warszawa’, JK, no. 8 (1948): 94.

  82. 82.

    Abraham Brody, ‘Monument över judiskt hjältemod’, JT, no. 4 (1948): 113–116.

  83. 83.

    Hugo Valentin, “Resa till Polen’, JT, no. 5 (1948): 135–137.

  84. 84.

    See for example ‘Warszawagettots kamp’ JK, no. 12–13 (1951): 163; Grete Berges, “Stjärnorna vittnar”, JK, no. 2 (1952): 45–46; ‘Judiska flygares minne hedrat i Malmö’ Frontcover JK, no. 18 (1948); ‘Tal över två stupade flygare’, JK, no. 20 (1948): 237.

  85. 85.

    Jossie Granditsky, ‘På det att I icke mån glömma’, JK, no. 6 (1951): 73–74, quote on p. 74.

  86. 86.

    See for example ‘Minnesmärke i Belsen avtäckt’, JK, no. 4 (1946): 99–101; Meir Teich, ‘Minne av Transnistrien. Bukovinajudarnas deporation’, JK no. 2 (1952): 41–42; Michael Zilberg, ‘Ett tragiskt tioårsminne. Utrotningen av 500,000 judar i Warszawa’, JK, no. 8 (1952): 155–156; ‘Den okände judiske martyrens grav”, JK, no. 6 (1953): 128; ‘Minnesmöte i Prag’, JK, no. 3 (1954): 66; ‘Ceremoni i Buchenwald’, JK, no. 4 (1954): 91; ‘Warszawaghettots hjältar hedras’, JK, no. 4 (1946): 99–101; ‘Minneshögtid över Auschwitz’, JK, no. 2 (1955): 47.

  87. 87.

    Anders W. Mölleryd, ‘Hur de mottogs’, JT no. 9 (1953): 236–238. See also Hugo Valentin, ‘Minnesbok om en underbar räddning’, JT, no. 6–7 (1952): 158–159.

  88. 88.

    Thor Tureby, ‘Svenska änglar och hyenor möter tacksamma flyktingar’.

  89. 89.

    ‘1945 års räddade” bildar förbund’, JK, 4–5 (1955): 86.

  90. 90.

    Herman Löb, ‘Kring ett tioårsminne’, JK, 4–5 (1955): 79; ‘Ivar Philipson om ankomsten av “1945 års räddade”‘, JK, 4–5 (1955): 80–81; ‘Varifrån “1945 års räddade kom”‘, JK, no. 4–5 (1955): 81–83, ‘Första tiden i Sverige’, JK, 4–5 (1955): 85–86.

  91. 91.

    Orna Kenan, Between Memory and History. The Evolution of Israeli Historiography of the Holocaust, 1945–1961 (New York: Peter Lang, 2003); Mikael Tossavainen, Heroes and victims. The Holocaust in Israeli historical consciousness (Lund: Historiska institutionen, 2006).

  92. 92.

    Ernst Benedikt, ‘En martyrernas dag’, JT, no. 4 (1945), 120–122; Ernst Benedikt, ‘På Novemberpogromens årsdag’, JT no. 10 (1945): 302–307.

  93. 93.

    Nella Rost, ‘De kämpade fastän kampen var utsiktslös’, JK, no. 10 (1949): 103–104; ‘Sexårsdagen av uppropet i Warszawa’, JK, no. 10 (1949): 108; Seweryn Rozenberg, ‘Till sexårsdagen av upproret i Warszawas ghetto’, JT, no. 5 (1949): 136–138; ‘Kisijnev och Warsawa’, JK, no. 4 (1953): 77–78; Hugo Valentin, ‘Tio-årsdagen av Warszawa ghettots resning’, JT, no. 4 (1953): 95–96; Carl Villhelm Jacobowsky, ‘Judar som krigare’, JT no. 4 (1953): 97–104; ‘Elvaårsminnet av Warszawaghettots uppror’, JK, no. 5 (1954): 118; ‘Warszawa-upproret firat med sorgehögtid’, JK, no. 4–5 (1955): 103.

  94. 94.

    ‘Martyrernas skog’, JK, no. 5 (1951): 59; ‘Martyrernas skog’, JK, no. 6 (1951): 77; ‘Martyrernas skog’, JK, no 11 (1951): 138–139; ‘Aktionen för planteringen av martyrernas skog’, advert in JK, no. 15 (1951): 206; no. 2 (1952): 15.

  95. 95.

    ‘Sveriges stora insats vid räddningen av judar’, JK no. 5–6 (1945): 96–97, quote on p. 97. See also ‘Raoul Wallenberg’, JK no. 2 (1945); Ragna Abertén-Schiratzki, ‘I människokärlekens tjänst’, JT, no. 8 (1945): 240–243; ‘Raoul Wallenberg. Ett brev’, JT no. 1, (1948): 1–2; Hugo Valentin, ‘En partisan i mänsklighetens tjänst’, JT, no. 1, (1948): 3–6; ‘En skog till Folke Bernadottes minne’, JK no. 2 (1952): 35; ‘Raoul Wallenberg’, JK no. 2 (1955): 44. Similar ‘articles of gratitude’ addressed to the Swedish king were also published in 1942 and 1943 in the Swedish-Jewish press in context of the rescue of the Danish and Norwegian Jews to Sweden, see Thor Tureby, ‘Swedish Jews and Jewish survivors’.

  96. 96.

    ‘Judisk kontakt med hr Himmler räddade kvinnor’, Dagens Nyheter, 16 May, 1945; ‘Svensk jude underhandlade med hr Himmler om hjälpaktion’, Svenska Dagbladet, 16 May, 1945. Thank you, Kristin Wagrell, for providing me with copies of these articles.

  97. 97.

    Ragna Abersten-Schiratzki, ‘Räddning från koncentrationslägren’, JT, no. 10 (1945): 319–321.

  98. 98.

    ‘En skog till Folke Bernadottes minne’, JK no. 2 (1952): 35.

  99. 99.

    ‘Eva Warburg har utvandrat till Eretz Israel’, JK no. 10 (1945): 178.

  100. 100.

    Olga Raphael Hallencreutz, ‘Till en Röda kors delegat’, JT no. 5 (1945): 148–149. The poem was recited at a JKK meeting, when Asta Nilsson was invited to speak about her work for the Red Cross in Budapest.

  101. 101.

    Klas Åmark, Förövarna bestämmer villkoren. Raoul Wallenberg och de internationella hjälpaktionerna i Budapest (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag 2016), 306–309.

  102. 102.

    See for example ‘Flykt från Hitlers Berlin’, JK, no. 1 (1945):14; Lia Gottfarb, ‘På de anklagades bänk’, JT no. 1 (1945): 29–30; Ragna Aberstén-Schiratzki, ‘Noveller och romaner om nazismen’, JT no. 9 (1945): 277–283; Gösta Carlberg, ‘Det får aldrig glömmas!’, JK, no. 10 (1945): 172–178; Ragna Aberstën-Schiratzki, ‘Motgift mot antisemitismen’, JT no. 5 (1946): 153–155; Herbert Friedländer, ‘Exil-deportation-räddning’, JT, no. 12 (1946): 383–387; Joseph Heller, ‘Fasa och hjältemod’, JK, no. 5 (1947): 90–91; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Ett verk om koncentrationslägren’, JT, no. 10 (1947): 323–327; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Det judiska ödet under kriget’, JT, no. 7 (1948): 212–216; Paul Patera, ‘De dödsdömdas brödraskap’, JT, no. 6, (1949): 196–201.

  103. 103.

    Ernst Benedikt, ‘Dokument om nazismen’, JT, no. 11 1948, 327–330; Annmari Lindh, ‘Skuggor på vita duken’, JT, no. 12(1948), 360–362. For reviews of other movies touching on the Jewish experience of the war/Holocaust see for example: Ernst Benedikt, ‘Farligt vittne – skakande film’, JT, no. 8 (1949): 234–235; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Samtal om en Auschwitzfilm’, JT, no. 9 (1949): 268–269; Paul Pantera, ‘Vändpunkten’, JT, no. 12 (1949): 368–370.

  104. 104.

    Ernst Benedikt, ‘Samtal om en Auschwitzfilm’, JT, no. 9 (1949): 268–269.

  105. 105.

    Ernst Benedikt, ‘Två böcker om människokärlek’, JT, no. 2 (1950), 60–64, quote 61–62.

  106. 106.

    Se for example A. Brody, ‘En judisk polyhistor och hans tragiska slutöde’, JT, no. 7 (1948): 208–211; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Öppet brev till Hannah Arendt’, JT, no. 1 (1952), 20–24; Frans Arnheim, ‘Spender som ungdomsalijahns gäst’, JT, no. 1 (1953): 29–30; Paul Patera, ‘Ps. till fallet Gheorghiu’, JT, no. 1 (1953): 31; Walter Klein, ‘Antisemitismen i Lund’, JT, no. 6 (1954): 179–180; Paul Patera, ‘Halvjude i tredje riket’, JT, no. 6 (1954): 181–183.

  107. 107.

    See for example Irma Nordvang, ‘Dikter för Israel’, JK, no. 11 (1948): 128; Elin Hök, ‘Tung var din hand’, JT, no. 3 (1945): 93; Verner von Heidenstam, ‘Bön vid lågorna’, JT, no. 5 (1945): 136.

  108. 108.

    Gabriela Mistral, ‘Till Judafolket’, JK, no. 10 (1945): 176; ‘Till Judafolket’, JT, no. 12 (1945): 365–366.

  109. 109.

    David Schimoni, ‘Till sist talade han ändå med mig’, JT, no. 1 (1953): 14–16.

  110. 110.

    See for example C. Vilh. Jacobovsky, ‘En judisk socialists memoarer’, JK, no. 4 (1946): 98; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Ett verk om koncentrationslägren’, JT, no. 10 (1947): 323–327; Ragna Abersten-Schiratzki, ‘Räddningen från koncentrationslägren’, JT, no. 11 (1945): 321; Ernst Benedikt, ‘Kurzio Malaparte om det Judiska ödet’, JT, no. 4 (1948): 104–108, Paul Patera, ‘Livsgnistan’, JT, no. 4 (1953): 112.

  111. 111.

    JT, no. 1 (1953): 25.

  112. 112.

    Paul Patera, ‘Vändpunkten’, JT no. 12 (1949): 368–370, quote on p. 369.

  113. 113.

    Elaine Martin, Nelly Sachs. The Poetics of Silence and the Limits of Representation, (Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2011).

  114. 114.

    Johannes Edfelt ‘Några ord om en skaldinna’, JK, no. 2 (1948); Erwin Leiser, ‘Judisk tragik’, JT, no. 11 (1947): 364–368; Nelly Sachs, ‘Abraham’, JT, no. 11 (1947): 343; Erwin Leiser, ‘Judisk klagan’, JT, no. 3 (1948): 89; ‘Nelly Sachs’, JK, no. 1–2 (1949): 16–17; ‘Nelly Sachs’, JK, no. 3 (1949): 36; ‘Nelly Sachs hittills otryckta dramatiska dikt’, ‘Eli, ett mysteriespel om Israels lidande’, JT, no. 6 (1949): 145; Erwin Leiser, ‘Stjärnor i mörkret’, JT, no. 6 (1949): 162–165; Emilia Fogelklou, ‘Nelly Sachs mysteriespel’, JT, no. 10 (1951): 256–258; ‘Brev till Professor Berendsohn från Anna Söderblom’, JT, no. 10 (1951): 258; Stig Bendixon, ‘Nelly Sachs diktdrama “Eli”‘, JK, no. 1 (1951): 17, 242; ‘Judisk litteraturafton’, JK, no. 18 (1951): 278; Moses Pergament, ‘Nelly Sachs – Israels gråterska’, JK, no 10 (1952): 208–209; Walter A. Berendsohn, ‘Nelly Sachs utveckling’, JT, no. 2 (1954): 54–55.

  115. 115.

    Johannes Edfelt, ‘Några ord om en skaldinna’, JK, no. 2 (1948): 20.

  116. 116.

    ‘Den judiska sången’, JK, no. 3, (1948): 32; ‘Göteborgspressen om Moses Pergaments senaste tonskapelse’, JK, no. 10 (1952): 215.

  117. 117.

    There has, however, never been one narrative about the Holocaust. The meaning of the Holocaust and the shaping of its memory is a pluralistic and ongoing discourse. See for example Dalia Ofer, ‘The Past That Does Not Pass: Israelis and Holocaust Memory’ in Israel Studies, 14, no. 1 (2009): 1–35.

  118. 118.

    Hirsch and Smith, ‘Feminism and Cultural Memory’, 1–19; quote on p. 6.

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    Malin Thor Tureby

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Thor Tureby, M. (2021). The Holocaust and the Jewish Survivors in the Swedish-Jewish Press, 1945–1955. In: Heuman, J., Rudberg, P. (eds) Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden. The Holocaust and its Contexts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_10

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