Abstract
Neoliberal extractivism remains an integral part of Latin America’s economic agenda, which has seen it expand into new frontiers of development, despite widespread ongoing societal opposition and adverse socio-environmental impacts. It therefore presents significant challenges not only for sustainable development but the relationship between state, society and business. This chapter focuses on Peru, one country which has seen significant neoliberal expansion, particularly in its rainforest Loreto Region. It outlines the challenges facing Peruvian society in holding oil companies accountable for pollution through the political ecology of voice (PEV) theoretical framework. After outlining this framework, the chapter summarises Peru’s challenging PEV environment based around four key areas. These relate to its political environment, oil company-community relations and the reality of meaningful participation, societal access to state-based environmental justice and non-state actor impacts on societal environmental justice. Together, these findings indicate that Peruvian citizens, particularly indigenous people, face significant difficulties in holding oil companies accountable for pollution in an environment where inaccessibility, injustice and inequality prevail.
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Notes
- 1.
Key Organization of American States (OAS)-affiliated mechanisms are the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The key conventions are the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (signed 1948) and American Convention on Human Rights ‘Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica’ (ratified 1978) and its additional protocols.
- 2.
These include the Amazon Water Project, which will deepen and widen the Amazon and its major tributaries to improve navigability for larger vessels (Giardino 2018) and the Moyobamba-Iquitos electricity concession, a project to construct a 600 kilometre 220 kilovolt transmission line across the selva to Iquitos (Lo Lau 2018).
- 3.
This involved cutting away the vegetation surrounding the refinery pipeline, which runs to Iquitos.
- 4.
Transport vessels can be divided into two broad categories; large, slow, cargo and passenger-carrying motonaves fluviales (or lancha) and smaller botes fluviales (or bote) such as canoes or speed boats (delizadores or rápido) (Vuori 2009). Barrio Florido had four or five 30-minute weekly bote services, costing 12 soles (equivalent to US$4 in January 2020). Cuninico had only one weekly 11-hour lancha or rápido service to Nauta, the port city 98 kilometres from Iquitos costing 90 soles by lancha or 180 soles by bote (equivalent to US$29 and US$54, respectively).
- 5.
For rurally remote indigenous Peruvian inhabitants, earnings are predominantly below US$1 per day (Brierley et al. 2014).
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Gonzalez, A. (2021). Voiceless Development, Toxic Injustice, Criminal Resistance: A Study of Peruvian Natural Resource Extraction Through the Political Ecology of Voice. In: Ioris, A.A.R. (eds) Environment and Development . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55416-3_11
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