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Introduction and Basic Concepts in Stem Cell Research and Therapy: The Facts and the Hype

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Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology

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Abstract

Stem cells play critical roles in biological processes, such as tissue development and homeostasis; they also present great promise toward promoting breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. Stem cells may be used to explore disease modeling, for screening of new drugs, and for the treatment of intractable diseases. The transition of stem cell biology from basic research to clinical applications has involved both hope and hype. Indeed, premature application of stem cell therapy as a clinical “cure-all” without sufficient experimental, preclinical, or clinical research has led to shady practices and false promises. While this is, understandably, fueled by patients in need of cures for unmanageable chronic and degenerative diseases, hype-based practices have promoted the spread of clinically unproven therapies. These therapies may have no impact on the disease process or may result in devastating outcomes. Stem cells may ultimately have the capacity to treat intractable diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, metabolic disorders, hematopoietic disorders, and immunodeficiency disorders. However, and despite significant promise, there remains a need to elucidate numerous misunderstandings associated with stem cell therapy and to define the current barriers and obstacles faced by those involved in stem cell research and its therapeutic applications. As such, the main goal of this chapter was to provide the reader with an overview of basic concepts in stem cell research and review the facts and the unfortunate hype with respect to current clinical applications and disease treatments.

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Abbreviations

(ACI):

Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation

(ADSCs):

Adipose-derived stem cells

(ALL):

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

(AMD):

Age-related Macular Degeneration

(AML):

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

(BM):

Bone Marrow

(BM-HSCs):

Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells

(BM-MSCs):

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

(CAR):

Chimeric Antigen Receptor

(CBT):

Cord Blood Transplantation

(CFU-F):

Colony Forming-Unit Fibroblast

(CLL):

Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia

(CLP):

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

(CML):

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

(DLI):

Donor Leukocyte Infusion

(DM):

Diabetes Mellitus

(DMT1):

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

(DMT2):

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

(ECM):

Extracellular Matrix

(ESCs):

Embryonic stem cells

(FTSG):

Full-thickness Skin Graft

(G-CSF):

Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor

(GvHD):

Graft versus Host Disease

(GVL):

Graft Versus Leukemia

(HSCs):

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

(HSCT):

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

(HSPCs):

Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

(iPSCs):

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

(ISSCR):

International Society for Stem Cell Research

(MS):

Multiple Sclerosis

(MSCs):

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

(NSCs):

Neural Stem Cells

(OA):

Osteoarthritis

(PB):

Peripheral Blood

(PD):

Parkinson’s Disease

(PRP):

Platelet-rich Plasma

(RIC):

Reduced-intensity Conditioning

(RPE):

Retinal Pigment Epithelial

(SCNT):

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

(STSG):

Split-thickness Skin Graft

(UCB):

Umbilical Cord Blood

(UC-HSCs):

Umbilical Cord Hematopoietic Stem Cells

(UC-MSCs):

Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grant # 5300 from the Egyptian Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), and by internal funding from Zewail City of Science and Technology (ZC 003-2019).

Take Home Message

  • The biology of stem cells in tissue homeostasis and development has made it the prospect for the field of regenerative medicine.

  • Stem cell potency is more pronounced in embryonic tissues compared to adult cells. In the adult tissues, stem cells are widely distributed throughout the body including, but not limited to, the bone marrow, adipose tissue, intestine, skin, synovial membrane, and dental pulp.

  • Reprogramming somatic cells by induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, gene editing, and applying modern techniques of nanotechnology and bioprinting have all made it possible for extensive applications of adult stem cells in regenerative medicine.

  • Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) is already a routine practice, and has secured FDA approval for its cellular products to treat hematological diseases.

  • Research is still in progress for wound healing and osteoarthritis treatment using stem cells.

  • Preclinical and clinical studies showed new hope in treating incurable chronic diseases like multiple sclerosis, macular degeneration, Parkinson’s Disease, and diabetes mellitus with stem cells.

  • FDA, CDC, ISSCR and other stem cell societies and institutes are regularly warning about the misused stem cell therapy away from their approved applications to minimize patients’ risks.

  • Various types of stem cells need more clinical investigations to test their safety and efficacy before being clinically translated.

  • Patients have to be cautious about the credibility of any cell-based medical application; and especially before undergoing stem cell therapy.

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Author notes

  1. Mohamed Essawy, Shaimaa Shouman, Shireen Magdy, and Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Helmy Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt

    Mohamed Essawy, Shaimaa Shouman, Shireen Magdy & Nagwa El-Badri

  2. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan

  3. Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt

    Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan

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  1. Mohamed Essawy
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Correspondence to Nagwa El-Badri .

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  1. Center of Excellence of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt

    Nagwa El-Badri

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Essawy, M., Shouman, S., Magdy, S., Abdelfattah-Hassan, A., El-Badri, N. (2020). Introduction and Basic Concepts in Stem Cell Research and Therapy: The Facts and the Hype. In: El-Badri, N. (eds) Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology . Learning Materials in Biosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55359-3_1

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