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Orientations

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Judaism in Motion

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Abstract

This introductory chapter explains how a broad perspective on reproduction as the regeneration of society helps achieve an understanding of same-sex parenthood in Israel (and elsewhere) as contributing to, challenging, and transforming the reproduction of societies. In order to develop such perspective, it is, first, necessary to address the transgenerational dimension of kinship. This raises questions as to how same-sex parenthood is embedded in—and alters—the complex ways, in which different kinds of substances such as names, property, and religious statuses connect and differentiate kin while creating societal belonging and exclusion. Secondly, it is not sufficient to analyze the clashes between opponents and proponents of LGBT rights. Rather, we need to pay heed to coexisting ontologies and to how religious and secular ideas are being translated from one societal context into another, acquire new meaning, and influence each other.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The transliteration follows the recommendations of the Academy of the Hebrew Language published in September 2011 on https://hebrew-academy.org.il/wp-content/uploads/taatik-ivrit-latinit-1.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2020. Exceptions are made for words with a different, commonly accepted transliteration and for official terms.

  2. 2.

    I use pseudonyms to protect my research participants’ and their children’s privacy. I have given pseudonyms to all my interlocutors. Most of the LGBT people I interviewed are completely out of the closet, and some even affirmed that they have no problem in reading their names in my book. Yet their stories include intimate details that concern not only them, but also others—most importantly their children—I find protecting their identities crucial. I only made exceptions for (1) interview partners who are public figures, such as rabbis, lawyers, and politicians; (2) gay rights activists when appearing in public.

  3. 3.

    I am, of course, aware that there are women and men whose gender does not correspond with their sex. I decided to stick nevertheless to the term same-sex parenthood rather than same-gender parenthood, because it is the term that is most widely used in academic, public, and political discourse and that corresponds to the commonly used Hebrew term horut had-minit.

  4. 4.

    The Sifra, a collection of Midrashim to Leviticus, is dated between 200 and 400 AD. Its authorship remains unclear (Neusner 1988).

  5. 5.

    Orthodox Judaism is by no means the only Jewish movement. In the United States, for example, the Conservative and Reform movements are far larger than Orthodoxy. But in Israel, the influence of these Jewish movements is limited by their small size (Sharot 2007, 686) and by the Orthodox Rabbinate’s state-sanctioned position in society.

  6. 6.

    For the official English version of the declaration, see: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx (accessed 05 June 2013).

  7. 7.

    The term Ashkenazi Jews (Ashkenazim) is commonly used for Jews of European origin, whereas the term Mizrahi Jews (Mizrahim) designates those of Middle-Eastern origin. Jews from Europe constituted for many years an economically advantaged power elite, and socioeconomic gaps continue to persist (see, for example, Goodman and Mizrahi 2008).

  8. 8.

    These and These are the Words of the Living God: on the culture of debate over the LGBT question in Jewish religious society. 01 May 2018. Podium organized by Pessach Sheni at the University of Bar-Ilan.

  9. 9.

    In Jewish religion, Israel is a theological category that “stands for the holy people whom God has called into being through Abraham and Sarah and their descendants, to whom the prophetic promises were made, and with home the covenants were entered” (Neusner 2003, 230).

  10. 10.

    Although I met transgender women and men in the course of my research, I decided not to study their experiences with parenthood in depth. The same applies to Palestinian LGBT people. In both cases, I felt that the intricacies of their situations require a research of their own. For further reading on these groups, I recommend Sa’ed Atshan’s Queer Palestine and the Empire of Critique (2020) and Oriol Poveda’s published dissertation According to whose will. The entanglements of gender & religion in the lives of transgender Jews with an Orthodox background (2017).

  11. 11.

    This changed toward the end of this research, when Indian public authorities decided to close the gates of surrogacy to unmarried foreigners.

  12. 12.

    Hebrew for “community;” the term is often used for the imagined community of lesbians, gay men, and, to a lesser extent, of trans- and bisexuals.

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Lustenberger, S. (2020). Orientations. In: Judaism in Motion. Contemporary Anthropology of Religion. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55104-9_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55104-9_1

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-55103-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-55104-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

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