Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Topical Therapy I: Corticosteroids and Vitamin D Analogues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Psoriasis

  • 701 Accesses

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common disease affecting approximately 2% of the population worldwide. Topical therapies play an integral role in the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate disease. The mainstays of treatment are topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, or a combination of the two. This chapter will discuss the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues for the treatment of psoriasis. Additionally, long-term adverse effects of these medications, vehicle selection, potency, and combination use with other treatment modalities will also be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cornell RC, Stoughton RB. Correlation of the vasoconstriction assay and clinical activity in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1985;121:63–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wolverton SE. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 595–624.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Eastman WJ, Malahias S, Delconte J, DiBenedetti D. Assessing attributes of topical vehicles for the treatment of acne, atopic dermatitis, and plaque psoriasis. Cutis. 2014;94:46–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hong CH, Papp KA, Lophaven KW, Skallerup P, Philipp S. Patients with psoriasis have different preferences for topical therapy, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment approaches: randomized phase IIIb PSO-INSIGHTFUL study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:1876–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Kerdel FA, Draelos ZD, Tyring SK, Lin T, Pillai R. A phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to compare the safety and efficacy of a halobetasol propionate 0.01% lotion and halobetasol propionate 0.05% cream in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Han G. What’s new in topical treatments for psoriasis. Cutis. 2018;102:65–6.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Stoughton RB, Wullich K. The same glucocorticoid in brand-name products. Does increasing the concentration result in greater topical biologic activity? Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:1509–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Vickers CF. Existence of reservoir in the stratum corneum. Experimental proof. Arch Dermatol. 1963;88:20–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. MacGregor RR, Spagnuolo PJ, Lentnek AL. Inhibition of granulocyte adherence by ethanol, prednisone, and aspirin, measured with an assay system. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:642–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dale DC, Fauci AS, Wolff SM. Alternate-day prednisone. Leukocyte kinetics and susceptibility to infections. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:1154–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dale DC, Fauci AS, Guerry DI, Wolff SM. Comparison of agents producing a neutrophilic leukocytosis in man. Hydrocortisone, prednisone, endotoxin, and etiocholanolone. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:808–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hattori T, Hirata F, Hoffman T, Hizuta A, Herberman RB. Inhibition of human natural killer (NK) activity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by lipomodulin, a phospholipase inhibitory protein. J Immunol. 1983;131:662–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoffman T, Hirata F, Bougnoux P, Fraser BA, Goldfarb RH, Herberman RB, et al. Phospholipid methylation and phospholipase A2 activation in cytotoxicity by human natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;78:3839–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Fisher LB, Maibach HI. The effect of corticosteroids on human epidermal mitotic activity. Arch Dermatol. 1971;103:39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rokowski RJ, Sheehy J, Cutroneo KR. Glucocorticoid-mediated selective reduction of functioning collagen messenger ribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981;210:74–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Oikarinen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Hamalainen L, Kivirikko KI. Cortisol decreases the cellular concentration of translatable procollagen mRNA species in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983;741:297–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Oikarinen A, Hannuksela M. Effect of hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, hydrocortisone, and clobetasol-17-propionate on prolyl hydroxylase activity in human skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1980;267:79–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Beck KM, Yang EJ, Sanchez IM, Liao W. Treatment of genital psoriasis: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2018;8:509–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rigopoulos D, Baran R, Chiheb S, Daniel CR 3rd, Di Chiacchio N, Gregoriou S, et al. Recommendations for the definition, evaluation, and treatment of nail psoriasis in adult patients with no or mild skin psoriasis: a dermatologist and nail expert group consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(1):228–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Katz HI, Prawer SE, Medansky RS, Krueger GG, Mooney JJ, Jones ML, et al. Intermittent corticosteroid maintenance treatment of psoriasis: a double-blind multicenter trial of augmented betamethasone dipropionate ointment in a pulse dose treatment regimen. Dermatologica. 1991;183:269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Katz HI, Hien NT, Prawer SE, Mastbaum LI, Mooney JJ, Samson CR. Superpotent topical steroid treatment of psoriasis vulgaris—clinical efficacy and adrenal function. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16:804–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Katz HI, Hien NT, Prawer SE, Scott JC, Grivna EM. Betamethasone dipropionate in optimized vehicle. Intermittent pulse dosing for extended maintenance treatment of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:1308–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kragballe K, Larsen FG. A hydrocolloid occlusive dressing plus triamcinolone acetonide cream is superior to clobetasol cream in palmo-plantar pustulosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71:540–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. David M, Lowe NJ. Psoriasis therapy: comparative studies with a hydrocolloid dressing, plastic film occlusion, and triamcinolone acetonide cream. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:511–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Krueger GG, O’Reilly MA, Weidner M, Dromgoole SH, Killey FP. Comparative efficacy of once-daily flurandrenolide tape versus twice-daily diflorasone diacetate ointment in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:186–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. van der Vleuten CJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC. Clobetasol-17 propionate lotion under hydrocolloid dressing (Duoderm ET) once weekly versus unoccluded clobetasol-17-propionate ointment twice daily in psoriasis: an immunohistochemical study on remission and relapse. Arch Dermatol Res. 1999;291:390–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Volden G, Kragballe K, Van De Kerkhof PC, Aberg K, White RJ. Remission and relapse of chronic plaque psoriasis treated once a week with clobetasol propionate occluded with a hydrocolloid dressing versus twice daily treatment with clobetasol propionate alone. J Dermatolog Treat. 2001;12:141–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Franz TJ, Parsell DA, Halualani RM, Hannigan JF, Kalbach JP, Harkonen WS. Betamethasone valerate foam 0.12%: a novel vehicle with enhanced delivery and efficacy. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38:628–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Andreassi L, Giannetti A, Milani M. Efficacy of betamethasone valerate mousse in comparison with standard therapies on scalp psoriasis: an open, multicentre, randomized, controlled, cross-over study on 241 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:134–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. van der Rhee HJ, Tijssen JG, Herrmann WA, Waterman AH, Polano MK. Combined treatment of psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (Tigason) in low dosage orally and triamcinolone acetonide cream topically: a double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 1980;102:203–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bhatia ND, Pariser DM, Kircik L, Lin T, Harris S, Mathew L, et al. Safety and efficacy of a halobetasol 0.01%/tazarotene 0.045% fixed combination lotion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a comparison with halobetasol propionate 0.05% cream. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11:15–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sugarman JL, Gold LS, Lebwohl MG, Pariser DM, Alexander BJ, Pillai R. A phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, vehicle controlled clinical study to assess the safety and efficacy of a halobetasol/tazarotene fixed combination in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16:197–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Koo J, Cuffie CA, Tanner DJ, Bressinck R, Cornell RC, DeVillez RL, et al. Mometasone furoate 0.1%-salicylic acid 5% ointment versus mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a multicenter study. Clin Ther. 1998;20:283–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tiplica GS, Salavastru CM. Mometasone furoate 0.1% and salicylic acid 5% vs. mometasone furoate 0.1% as sequential local therapy in psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:905–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Swinkels OQ, Prins M, Kucharekova M, de Boo T, Gerritsen MJ, van der Valk PG, et al. Combining lesional short-contact dithranol therapy of psoriasis with a potent topical corticosteroid. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:621–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cunliffe WJ, Burton JL, Holti G, Wright V. Hazards of steroid therapy in hepatic failure. Br J Dermatol. 1975;93:183–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. West DP, Worobec S, Solomon LM. Pharmacology and toxicology of infant skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1981;76:147–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. May P, Stein EJ, Ryter RJ, Hirsh FS, Michel B, Levy RP. Cushing syndrome from percutaneous absorption of triamcinolone cream. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136:612–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Himathongkam T, Dasanabhairochana P, Pitchayayothin N, Sriphrapradang A. Florid Cushing’s syndrome and hirsutism induced by desoximetasone. JAMA. 1978;239:430–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Carruthers JA, August PJ, Staughton RC. Observations on the systemic effect of topical clobetasol propionate (Dermovate). Br Med J. 1975;4:203–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Kirby JD, Munro DD. Steroid-induced atrophy in an animal and human model. Br J Dermatol. 1976;94(Suppl 12):111–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Song SY, Jung SY, Kim E. Steroid phobia among general users of topical steroids: a cross-sectional nationwide survey. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Aubert-Wastiaux H, Moret L, Le Rhun A, Fontenoy AM, Nguyen JM, Leux C, et al. Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: a study of its nature, origins and frequency. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:808–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hong E, Smith S, Fischer G. Evaluation of the atrophogenic potential of topical corticosteroids in pediatric dermatology patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28:393–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Aggarwal RK, Potamitis T, Chong NH, Guarro M, Shah P, Kheterpal S. Extensive visual loss with topical facial steroids. Eye (Lond). 1993;7(Pt 5):664–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Guin JD. Contact sensitivity to topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10:773–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tegner E. Contact allergy to corticosteroids. Int J Dermatol. 1976;15:520–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lauerma AI, Maibach HI, Granlund H, Erkko P, Kartamaa M, Stubb S. Inhibition of contact allergy reactions by topical FK506. Lancet. 1992;340:556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lebwohl M, Ting PT, Koo JY. Psoriasis treatment: traditional therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl 2):ii83–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Morimoto S, Kumahara Y. A patient with psoriasis cured by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Med J Osaka Univ. 1985;35:51–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kragballe K, Wildfang IL. Calcipotriol (MC 903), a novel vitamin D3 analogue stimulates terminal differentiation and inhibits proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 1990;282:164–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kragballe K. The future of vitamin D in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:S72–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bikle DD, Ng D, Tu CL, Oda Y, Xie Z. Calcium- and vitamin D-regulated keratinocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;177:161–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kang S, Yi S, Griffiths CE, Fancher L, Hamilton TA, Choi JH. Calcipotriene-induced improvement in psoriasis is associated with reduced interleukin-8 and increased interleukin-10 levels within lesions. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138:77–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. van de Kerkhof PC. An update on vitamin D3 analogues in the treatment of psoriasis. Skin Pharmacol Appl Ski Physiol. 1998;11:2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Barker JN, Ashton RE, Marks R, Harris RI, Berth-Jones J. Topical maxacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-finding study with active comparator. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:274–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kragballe K, Gjertsen BT, De Hoop D, Karlsmark T, van de Kerkhof PC, Larko O, et al. Double-blind, right/left comparison of calcipotriol and betamethasone valerate in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Lancet. 1991;337:193–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cunliffe WJ, Berth-Jones J, Claudy A, Fairiss G, Goldin D, Gratton D, et al. Comparative study of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment and betamethasone 17-valerate ointment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:736–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ashcroft DM, Po AL, Williams HC, Griffiths CE. Systematic review of comparative efficacy and tolerability of calcipotriol in treating chronic plaque psoriasis. BMJ. 2000;320:963–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kragballe K, Barnes L, Hamberg KJ, Hutchinson P, Murphy F, Moller S, et al. Calcipotriol cream with or without concurrent topical corticosteroid in psoriasis: tolerability and efficacy. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:649–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Pariser DM, Pariser RJ, Breneman D, Lebwohl M, Kalb R, Moore J, et al. Calcipotriene ointment applied once a day for psoriasis: a double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:1527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bruce S, Epinette WW, Funicella T, Ison A, Jones EL, Loss R Jr, et al. Comparative study of calcipotriene (MC 903) ointment and fluocinonide ointment in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:755–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Camarasa JM, Ortonne JP, Dubertret L. Calcitriol shows greater persistence of treatment effect than betamethasone dipropionate in topical psoriasis therapy. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:8–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ramsay CA, Berth-Jones J, Brundin G, Cunliffe WJ, Dubertret L, van de Kerkhof PC, et al. Long-term use of topical calcipotriol in chronic plaque psoriasis. Dermatology. 1994;189:260–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Park SB, Suh DH, Youn JI. A pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of topical calcipotriol treatment in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:321–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lebwohl M, Siskin SB, Epinette W, Breneman D, Funicella T, Kalb R, et al. A multicenter trial of calcipotriene ointment and halobetasol ointment compared with either agent alone for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:268–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Devaux S, Castela A, Archier E, Gallini A, Joly P, Misery L, et al. Topical vitamin D analogues alone or in association with topical steroids for psoriasis: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(Suppl 3):52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lebwohl M. Topical application of calcipotriene and corticosteroids: combination regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:S55–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Papp KA, Guenther L, Boyden B, Larsen FG, Harvima RJ, Guilhou JJ, et al. Early onset of action and efficacy of a combination of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:48–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Guenther LC. Treatments for scalp psoriasis with emphasis on calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel (Xamiol). Skin Therapy Lett. 2009;14:1–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kragballe K, Hoffmann V, Ortonne JP, Tan J, Nordin P, Segaert S. Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate scalp formulation compared with calcipotriol scalp solution in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:159–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Paul C, Stein Gold L, Cambazard F, Kalb RE, Lowson D, Bang B, et al. Calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate aerosol foam provides superior efficacy vs. gel in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: randomized, controlled PSO-ABLE study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:119–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kragballe K. Combination of topical calcipotriol (MC 903) and UVB radiation for psoriasis vulgaris. Dermatologica. 1990;181:211–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hecker D, Lebwohl M. Topical calcipotriene in combination with UVB phototherapy for psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36:302–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Speight EL, Farr PM. Calcipotriol improves the response of psoriasis to PUVA. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:79–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lebwohl M, Quijije J, Gilliard J, Rollin T, Watts O. Topical calcitriol is degraded by ultraviolet light. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:594–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. van de Kerkhof PC, Cambazard F, Hutchinson PE, Haneke E, Wong E, Souteyrand P, et al. The effect of addition of calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g) to acitretin therapy in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138:84–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Grossman RM, Thivolet J, Claudy A, Souteyrand P, Guilhou JJ, Thomas P, et al. A novel therapeutic approach to psoriasis with combination calcipotriol ointment and very low-dose cyclosporine: results of a multicenter placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:68–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kokelj F, Torsello P, Plozzer C. Calcipotriol improves the efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998;10:143–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. de Jong EM, Mork NJ, Seijger MM, De La Brassine M, Lauharanta J, Jansen CT, et al. The combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate compared with methotrexate and vehicle in psoriasis: results of a multicentre placebo-controlled randomized trial. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:318–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kircik LH. Topical calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% maintains efficacy of etanercept after step-down dose in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results of an open label trial. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:878–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Campione E, Mazzotta A, Paterno EJ, Diluvio L, Prinz JC, Chimenti S. Effect of calcipotriol on etanercept partial responder psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89:288–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lebwohl M, Ali S. Treatment of psoriasis. Part 1. Topical therapy and phototherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:487–98. quiz 99-502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fogh K, Kragballe K. Vitamin D3 analogues. Clin Dermatol. 1997;15:705–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Bourke JF, Mumford R, Whittaker P, Iqbal SJ, Le Van LW, Trevellyan A, et al. The effects of topical calcipotriol on systemic calcium homeostasis in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:929–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA

    Eric J. Yang

  2. Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

    Shari R. Lipner

Authors
  1. Eric J. Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shari R. Lipner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shari R. Lipner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Suite 11D, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Jeffrey M. Weinberg

  2. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Mark Lebwohl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yang, E.J., Lipner, S.R. (2021). Topical Therapy I: Corticosteroids and Vitamin D Analogues. In: Weinberg, J.M., Lebwohl, M. (eds) Advances in Psoriasis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54859-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54859-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54858-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54859-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation