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Data Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure

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Part of the book series: Future of Business and Finance ((FBF))

Abstract

The availability of ICT infrastructure that provide reliable and affordable connectivity is a first step on every country’s road to digital transformation. Connectivity is the bedrock for the development of a digital ecosystem. It is the basic plumbing that allows the life-saving water to be delivered. Initially, connectivity was about connecting phones, then it was about connecting people to the Internet, now it is connecting a whole host of devices in various consumer, industrial and government contexts, so called Internet of Things (IOT).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    WIK-Consult, Ecorys and VVA Consulting. (2016). Support for the preparation of the impact assessment accompanying the review of the regulatory framework for e-communications. Study for the European Commission.

  2. 2.

    Visual Networking Index, Cisco, 3 February 2016.

  3. 3.

    Visual Networking Index, Cisco, 3 February 2016—report reference to IDC data.

  4. 4.

    Gantz, J., Reinsel. (2013). The digital universe in 2020: big data, bigger digital shadows, and biggest growth in the Far East. IDC country brief.

  5. 5.

    World Economic Forum (2017). Digital transformation initiative telecommunications industry.

  6. 6.

    E.g. It was reported in 2013 that Myanmar’s national grid reached only 25–30% of the population, and the per capita power consumption was the lowest in the region at 160 KWh per year.

  7. 7.

    McKinsey. (2015). The internet of things: mapping the value beyond the hype.

  8. 8.

    Yoo, C. (2014). U.S. vs. European broadband deployment: what do the data say? University of Pennsylvania Law School.

  9. 9.

    Yoo, C. (2014). U.S. vs. European broadband deployment: what do the data say? University of Pennsylvania Law School.

  10. 10.

    Copenhagen Economics. (2013). How Europe can catch up with the US: a contrast of two contrary broadband models.

  11. 11.

    Copenhagen Economics. (2013). How Europe can catch up with the US: a contrast of two contrary broadband models.

  12. 12.

    GSMA. (2013). Mobile wireless performance in the EU & the US.

  13. 13.

    Yoo, C. (2014). U.S. vs. European broadband deployment: what do the data say? University of Pennsylvania Law School.

  14. 14.

    GSMA. (2016). A new regulatory framework for the digital ecosystem.

  15. 15.

    Under the current regulatory framework, the status of OTT is not totally clear and most of them are not covered by the electronic communications rules: see BEREC (2016). Report on OTT services, BoR(16) 35.

  16. 16.

    GSMA. (2016). A new regulatory framework for the digital ecosystem.

  17. 17.

    BEREC. (2016). Guidelines on the implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules.

  18. 18.

    OECD. (2013). The role and measurement of quality in competition analysis. Background Note for OECD Policy Roundtables.

  19. 19.

    Unlocking digital competition, Report of the Digital Competition Expert Panel, UK, March 2019.

  20. 20.

    The French National Assembly and the French Ministry of the Armed Forces Minister announced in 2019 that they had switched to Qwant instead of Google as their default.

  21. 21.

    See https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/18/google-still-claimed-to-be-blocking-search-rivals-on-android-despite-europes-antitrust-action/?renderMode=ie11

  22. 22.

    ITU Telecommunications Development Bureau. (2018). Setting the scene for 5G: opportunities & challenges.

  23. 23.

    Multiple-input and multiple-output is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation.

  24. 24.

    Nokia. (2017). Beamforming for 4.9G/5G networks: exploiting massive MIMO and active antenna technologies.

  25. 25.

    Bloomberg, 21 January 2018.

  26. 26.

    Spectrum re-farming is the process of re-deploying spectrum from available users and re-allocating it to others.

  27. 27.

    The Shannon limit or Shannon Capacity of a communication channel is the theoretical maximum information transfer rate of the channel for a particular noise level.

  28. 28.

    LTE is an abbreviation for Long Term Evolution. LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by the third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that’s designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks.

  29. 29.

    The new LTE Cat 0 was introduced in Rel 12 of the third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a standards organisation which develops protocols for mobile telephony.

  30. 30.

    Work has already started on 3GPP release 16.

  31. 31.

    European Commission. (1999). Liberalisation of network industries: economic implications and main policy issues. See also Hausmann, J. (1998). Taxation by telecommunications regulation. Tax Policy and the Economy 12, 29–48, NBER and MIT Press.

  32. 32.

    Installing cell sites that blend into the environment, such as trees, rather than the traditional structure used, which incurs additional costs.

  33. 33.

    E.g. In the UK mobile operators typically need to pay farmland owners 10 times what is charged to electricity companies for their pylons.

  34. 34.

    RAN sharing has been approved in Austria, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Greece, Poland, Romania, UK etc.

  35. 35.

    RAN and spectrum sharing has been approved in Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Sweden, Poland.

  36. 36.

    Active sharing has been permitted in Hong Kong, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Azerbaijan South Africa, Russia and more recently India.

  37. 37.

    Remote provisioning and management of M2M connections can be done through ‘over the air’ provisioning of an initial operator subscription, and the subsequent change of subscription from one operator to another on the embedded electronic SIM.

  38. 38.

    People sometimes confuse container technology with virtual machines (VMs) or server virtualization technology. Although there are some basic similarities, containers are very different from VMs. Virtual machines run in a hypervisor environment where each virtual machine must include its own guest operating system inside it, along with its related binaries, libraries, and application files. This consumes a large amount of system resources and overhead, especially when multiple VMs are running on the same physical server, each with its own guest operating system. In contrast, each container shares the same host operating system or system kernel and is much lighter in size, often only megabytes. This often means a container might take just seconds to start (versus the gigabytes and minutes required for a typical VM).

  39. 39.

    Number portability is a service allowing you to switch from one service provider to another while keeping your original mobile number.

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Vagadia, B. (2020). Data Connectivity and Digital Infrastructure. In: Digital Disruption. Future of Business and Finance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54494-2_3

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