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Inhalation as a Means of Systemic Drug Delivery

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Systemic Delivery Technologies in Anti-Aging Medicine: Methods and Applications

Part of the book series: Healthy Ageing and Longevity ((HAL,volume 13))

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Abstract

In the preceding chapter, Vadlapatla and co-workers have presented an overview of different types of physical methods for systemic therapeutics delivery. In this chapter, we will focus specifically on how the use of physical devices (inhalers) and drug formulations can facilitate systemic delivery via the oral/nasal route using aerosols. In fact, systemic drug delivery via inhalation is challenging because the drug has to be aerosolized to extra-fine particles or droplets during a short period of patient inspiration. The drug carriers converted to aerosol cloud must contain medicines in the form that allows them to be easily absorbed from lung surface to the circulation, with the simultaneously reduced pulmonary clearance due to the specific interactions on the lung surface. This chapter will present the above aspects and will show that the required action of inhaled medicines may be obtained by adjusting the properties of drug particles forming powders or liquid formulations (suspensions) that undergo aerosolization. The possible use of electronic inhalers or add-on control systems to achieve an improved aerosol dosing to perform the inhalation maneuver correctly will also be discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by NCN project No. 2018/29/B/ST8/00273.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

    Tomasz R. Sosnowski

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  1. Tomasz R. Sosnowski
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Correspondence to Tomasz R. Sosnowski .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China

    Wing-Fu Lai

Glossary

Aerosol

Two-phase system composed of fine particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air.

Dry powder inhaler

A device which converts the powder into inhalable aerosol. Usually driven by patients inspiratory flow (passive DPI), but can be assisted by external power (active DPI).

Fine particles

Inhalable aerosol particles with the aerodynamic size (diameter) below 5 μm. Extra-fine particles are smaller than approximately 3 μm, and they are considered most useful in the systemic delivery of inhaled drugs.

Lung deposition

The process of drug particle settling on the surface of the respiratory system. It occurs due to several mechanisms which depend mainly on particle size and density (particle impaction, gravitational sedimentation, diffusion).

Lung surfactant

A natural surface-active compound present in the alveolar region of the respiratory system. The surfactant forms a thin layer on the top of pulmonary liquid and acts as a barrier for inhaled particles that are deposited in this region.

Marangoni effects

Liquid flows driven by surface tension gradients on the air/liquid interface. In the lungs they may occur on the alveolar surface due to the local variations of the lung surfactant concentration.

Nebulization

An atomization process of liquid medication by converting into inhalable aerosol via various methods (jet, ultrasonic or vibrating mesh nebulizers).

Powder fluidization

The process of powder lifting by air. It is often associated with deagglomeration of powder grains which helps to obtain inhalable aerosol.

Pressurized metered dose inhaler

A device where drug is atomized due to decompression of a drug/carrier mixture released from a pressurized can via a dosimetric valve.

Smart inhalers

Inhaling devices with built-in (or attached) electronic accessories for the measurement or control of airflow parameters and other conditions of inhaler use. They often also offer a visual or sound feedback to the user, and may be connected to mobile phone applications or computer programs.

Sublimation

A process of material transformation from solid state directly to gas state (vapor). Re-sublimation is the reverse process.

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Sosnowski, T.R. (2020). Inhalation as a Means of Systemic Drug Delivery. In: Lai, WF. (eds) Systemic Delivery Technologies in Anti-Aging Medicine: Methods and Applications. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54490-4_12

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