Abstract
This article examines how NGO and community-based organizations perceive their contributions to safeguarding migrant intangible cultural heritage in Santiago, Chile. Through the thematic analysis of 15 in-depth interviews with organizations’ representatives, the study found the existence of three main values of ICH for the social inclusion of migrant communities: making immigrant visible and appreciated; strengthening their communities through reinforcing their identities and social ties; and revealing its economic potential. In achieving them, the following contributions of NGO and community-based organizations emerged: the creation of spaces, the promotion of sensitization actions and the creation of associations and empowerment within migrant communities. Moreover, specific operational features of these organizations were found: an inclusive and participation-based work, in situ and progressive knowledge and limited resources and voluntary nature appeared as relevant for the realization of these actions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The fact that in only a few years Venezuelan immigrants surpassed Peruvians -the biggest foreign community in Chile since the nineties- illustrates this rapid growth and changing nature of the phenomenon.
- 2.
Following the confidentiality agreement made with the respondents, a detailed list of the sources is not provided, since the links of the websites and Facebook pages identify the names of the organizations.
- 3.
While all four NGOs had updated websites with thorough descriptions of their aims and activities, a significant amount of the COs did not have a website. Also, while all had Facebook pages, some of them were inactive or the information provided in them was scarce or outdated, making a systematic analysis difficult.
- 4.
Given that fieldwork in Chile was not feasible due to economic and time limitations, conducting online interviews was considered the best alternative. Skype interviews present both advantages and drawbacks. Some of its limitations are that they require access to high-speed internet and demand digital literacy, which may limit the selection of respondents (Deakin and Wakefield 2013). However, it provides the possibility of synchronous and interactive communication, being as similar as possible to an onsite interview (Hanna 2012). It also solves potential time and place limitations of face-to-face interviews (Janghorban et al. 2014), as it was the case of this study, where the researcher and interviewees were based in different countries.
- 5.
The complete processes of data collection and analysis were carried out by the researcher without any major difficulties, until the point of saturation was reached.
- 6.
Interviews were recorded in mp3 format using an external device. Notes were also taken during the interviews, as a precaution to not lose any relevant information and personal insights generated during the process. The transcribing tool employed is available at https://transcribe.wreally.com/.
- 7.
Historical events that strongly marked Latin-American societies, such as the colonial era or 20th century dictatorships, are good examples of this shared past.
- 8.
- 9.
Especially Haitians, as they are one of the latest big waves of Latin-American migration and one of the communities that face more difficulties in terms of their social inclusion in Santiago.
- 10.
Alameda is one of the main avenues in the center of Santiago.
References
Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., & Marques, J. M. (Eds.). (2005). The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion. Psychology Press.
Bendix, R., Eggert, A., & Peselmann, A. (2013). Heritage regimes and the State. Göttingen: University Press.
Broccolini, A. (2013). Il patrimonio culturale immateriale in Italia e la convenzione UNESCO del 2003: territori, reti, musei. [Intangible cultural Heritage in Italy and the 2003 UNESCO Convention: territories, networks, museums] SIMBDEA. Retrieved from http://www.simbdea.it/.
Caba, S. & Rojas, M. (2014). Patrimonio migrante. Construcción social inclusiva e identitaria de la comunidad peruana en Santiago de Chile. [Migrant Heritage. Inclusive and identity social construction of the Peruvian community in Santiago, Chile]. Estudios Avanzados. Universidad de Santiago de Chile. 22. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org.
Commission of the European Communities. (2003). Joint Report on Social Inclusion. UNDESA, Expert Group Meeting on Promoting Social Integration, Helsinki, July 2008.
Daher, M., Carré, D., Jaramillo, A., Olivares, H., & Tomicic, A. (2017). Experience and meaning in qualitative research: A conceptual review and a methodological device proposal. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.3.2696.
Deakin, H. & Wakefield, K. (2013). SSkype Interviewing: Reflections of Two Ph.D. Researchers. Qualitative Research.
De Las Heras, M. (2016). Los migrantes como sujetos del sistema de protección social en Chile. [Migrants as subjects of the social protection system in Chile]. Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, 11.
Departamento de Extranjería y Migración de Chile. (2018). Estadísticas de migración.
Gadea Montecinos, M. E., & Albert, M. (2011). Asociacionismo migrante y renegociación de las identificaciones culturales. Política y Sociedad (Madrid), 48, 1.
Garreta, J. & Llevot, N. (2013). Las asociaciones de inmigrantes africanos. organización, proyección y actuaciones. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 71:1.
Hanna, P. (2012). Using internet technologies (such as Skype) as a research medium: A research note. Qualitative Research, 12, 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794111426607.
INE. (2019). Estimación de Personas Extranjeras Residentes en Chile: 31 de diciembre 2018. Santiago: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Departamento de Extranjería y Migración.
Jacobs, M. (2014a). Cultural brokerage. Addressing boundaries and the new paradigm of safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. Folklore Studies, TransdisciplinaryPerspectivesand UNESCO, 115.
Jacobs, M. (2014b). UNESCO, brokers and critical success (f)actors in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. Volkskunde. Tijdschrift over de cultuur van het dagelijksleven.
Janghorban, R., LatifnejadRoudsari, R., & Taghipour, A. (2014). Skype interviewing: the new generation of online synchronous interview in qualitative research. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 9, 24152. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.24152.
Klein, H. K., & Myers, M. D. (1999). A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretative filed studies in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 23, 67–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/249410.
Kurin, R. (2004). Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in the 2003 UNESCO convention: A critical appraisal. Museum International, 56, 1.
Kurin, R. (2007). Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage: Key factors in implementing the 2003 Convention. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 2, 10–20. Retrieved from http://www.rijh.org/.
Kuutma, K. (2009). Cultural heritage: An introduction to entanglements of knowledge, politics and property. Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, 3, 5–12. Retrieved from http://www.jef.ee/.
Ladrón de Guevara, B. & Elizaga, J. (2009). Diagnóstico para la conservación de patrimonios culturales en uso activo: propuesta metodológica. [Diagnosis for the conservation of cultural heritages in active use: methodological proposal] Conserva. Revista del Centro Nacional de Conservación y Restauración, 13.
Lewis, D. (2014). Understanding the role of non-government organizations (NGOs) as cultural brokers: A review of approaches. OsterreichischeZeitschrift fur Volkskunde, 3, 293–298.
Maillard, C. (2012). Construcción social del patrimonio. [Social construction of heritage]. Hecho en Chile. Reflexiones en torno al patrimonio cultural.
Martínez, J., Soffia, M., Cubides, J. D., & Bortolotto, I. (2013). Migración Internacional en Chile: tendencias, políticas, normas y participación de la sociedad civil. Publicación Red Internacional Scalabriniana de Migración, pp. 117–224.
Naguib, S. (2013). Collecting moments of life. Museums and the intangible heritage of migration. Museum International, 65, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/muse.12035.
Rizzo, I., & Throsby, D. (2006). Cultural Heritage: Economic analysis and public policy. Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01028-3.
Severo, M., & Venturini, T. (2015). Intangible cultural heritage webs. Comparing national networks with digital methods. New Media & Society, 18, 16116–1635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814567981.
Smit, B. (2002). Atlas.ti for qualitative data analysis. Perspectives in Education, 20, 65–75. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za.
Smith, L. (2011). All heritage is intangible: Critical heritage studies and museums. AmsterdamseHogeschoolvoor de Kunsten: ReinwardtAcademie.
Smith, L. (2015). Intangible heritage: A challenge to the authorised heritage discourse?. Revista d'etnologia de Catalunya, 40, 133–142.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage.
UNESCO. (2003). International convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. UNESCO general conference, Paris, 17 October 2003. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/.
United Nations. (2016). Leaving no one behind: the imperative of inclusive development. Report on the World Social Situation 2016. Economic and social affairs.
Van der Hoeven, A. (2019). Networked practices of intangible urban heritage: The changing public role of Dutch heritage professionals. International journal of cultural policy, 25, 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2016.1253686.
Van der Zeijden, A. (2017). ‘Super-diversity’ and the Changing Face of Intangible Cultural Heritage: the Case of West-Kruiskade’. International Journal of Intangible Heritage. 12.
Van der Zeijden, A., & Elpers, S. (2017). Intangible heritage & the museum in an age of superdiversity. IMP Intangible cultural heritage & museums project. Retrieved from http://www.ichandmuseums.eu/.
Villasezñor, I., & Zolla, E. (2012). Del patrimonio cultural inmaterial o la patrimonialización de la cultura. [About intangible cultural heritage or the patrimonialization of culture]. Cultura y RepresentacionesSociales, 6, 75–101.
Vlachaki, M. (2007). Crossing cultures through the intangible heritage: and Educational programme about migration in Greece. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 2, 93–102. Retrieved from http://www.ijih.org/.
Whiting, L. S. (2008). Semi-structured interviews: Guidance for novice researchers. Nursing Standard, 22, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2008.02.22.23.35.c6420.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Migone, P. (2020). Migrant Cultures. Contributions of NGOs and Community-Based Organizations to Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Santiago, Chile. In: Macrì, E., Morea, V., Trimarchi, M. (eds) Cultural Commons and Urban Dynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54418-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54418-8_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54417-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54418-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)