Abstract
A couple is seen in clinic with a prenatally possible classical bladder exstrophy diagnosed. The ultrasonography performed at 24 WG shows absent bladder on repeated examinations, low insertion of the umbilical cord.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cervellione RM, et al. Prospective study on the incidence of bladder/cloacal exstrophy and epispadias in Europe. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11(6):337.e1–6.
Featherstone NC, Cuckow PM. Spiral rotational flap for the creation of a new umbilicus in bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11(2):96–7.
Tourchi A, Inouye BM, Di Carlo HN, Young E, Ko J, Gearhart JP. New advances in the pathophysiologic and radiologic basis of the exstrophy spectrum. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(2):212–8.
Purves JT. Modern approaches in primary exstrophy closure. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2011;20(2):79–84.
Inouye BM, et al. How to close classic bladder exstrophy: are subspecialty training and technique important? J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(5):426.e1–6.
Shnorhavorian M, Grady RW, Andersen A, Joyner BD, Mitchell ME. Long-term Followup of complete primary repair of Exstrophy: the Seattle experience. J Urol. 2008;180(4S):1615–20.
Dickson AP. The Management of Bladder Exstrophy: the Manchester experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2014;49(2):244–50.
Leclair MD, et al. One-stage combined delayed bladder closure with Kelly radical soft-tissue mobilization in bladder exstrophy: preliminary results. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(6):558–64.
Kazachkova N, Gontar J, Verlinsky O, Ilyin I. Successful early fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA isolated from maternal capillary blood: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2019;3:100038.
Ebert A-K, Reutter H, Ludwig M, Rösch WH. The Exstrophy-epispadias complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009;4:23.
Lee BR, Perlman EJ, Gearhart JP. Evaluation of smooth muscle and collagen subtypes in normal newborns and those with bladder exstrophy. J Urol. 1996;156(6):2034–6.
Jayman J, Tourchi A, Shabaninia M, Maruf M, DiCarlo H, Gearhart JP. The surgical Management of Bladder Polyps in the setting of Exstrophy Epispadias complex. Urology. 2017;109:171–4.
Maruf M, et al. Variant presentations of the Exstrophy-Epispadias complex: a 40-year experience. Urology. 2019;125:184–90.
Reynaud N, et al. Male sexuality, fertility, and urinary continence in bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias complex. J Sex Med. 2018;15(3):314–23.
Stec AA. Embryology and bony and pelvic floor anatomy in the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2011;20(2):66–70.
Ahn JJ, Shnorhavorian M, Katz C, Goldin AB, Merguerian PA. Early versus delayed closure of bladder exstrophy: a National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric analysis. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(1):27.e1–5.
Wilhelmi OJ. Exstrophy of the bladder with Pyelographic follow-up. J Urol. 1948;59(6):1108–20.
Higgins CC. Exstrophy of the bladder: review of 70 cases**read at annual meeting, American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., may 10, 1949. J Urol. 1950;63(5):852–7.
Purves JT, Baird AD, Gearhart JP. The modern staged repair of bladder exstrophy in the female: a contemporary series. J Pediatr Urol. 2008;4(2):150–3.
Inouye BM, et al. Newborn exstrophy closure without osteotomy: is there a role? J Pediatr Urol. 2016;12(1):51.e1–4.
Kufner M, Gearhart JP, Mathews R. Impact of epispadias repair on bladder growth in boys with classic bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2010;6(6):578–81.
Tourchi A, et al. Ureteral Reimplantation before bladder neck reconstruction in modern staged repair of Exstrophy patients: indications and outcomes. Urology. 2015;85(4):905–8.
Chua ME, et al. Modified staged repair of bladder exstrophy: a strategy to prevent penile ischemia while maintaining advantage of the complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(1):63.e1–7.
Baka-Jakubiak M. Combined bladder neck, urethral and penile reconstruction in boys with the exstrophy-epispadias complex. BJU Int. 2000;86(4):513–8.
Mitchell ME, Bagli DJ. Complete penile disassembly for Epispadias repair: the Mitchell technique. J Urol. 1996;155(1):300–4.
Borer JG, et al. Early outcome following complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy in the newborn. J Urol. 2005;174(4 Part 2):1674–9.
Borer JG, et al. Bladder growth and development after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy in the newborn with comparison to staged approach. J Urol. 2005;174(4 Part 2):1553–8.
Kelley JH, Eraklis AJ. A procedure for lengthening the phallus in boys with exstrophy of the bladder. J Pediatr Surg. 1971;6(5):645–9.
Kelly JH. Vesical exstrophy: repair using radical mobilisation of soft tissues. Pediatr Surg Int. 1995;10(5):298–304.
Leclair M-D, Villemagne T, Faraj S, Suply E. The radical soft-tissue mobilization (Kelly repair) for bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11(6):364–5.
Varma KK, Mammen A, Kolar Venkatesh SK. Mobilization of pelvic musculature and its effect on continence in classical bladder exstrophy: a single-center experience of 38 exstrophy repairs. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11(2):87.e1–5.
Ben-Chaim J, et al. Kelly procedure for exstrophy or epispadias patients: anatomical description of the pudendal neurovasculature. J Pediatr Urol. 2016;12(3):173.e1–6.
Jarzebowski AC, McMullin ND, Grover SR, Southwell BR, Hutson JM. The Kelly technique of bladder Exstrophy repair: continence, Cosmesis and pelvic organ prolapse outcomes. J Urol. 2009;182(4S):1802–6.
Ferrara F, Dickson AP, Fishwick J, Vashisht R, Khan T, Cervellione RM. Delayed exstrophy repair (DER) does not compromise initial bladder development. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(3):506–10.
Baradaran N, Cervellione RM, Stec AA, Gearhart JP. Delayed primary repair of bladder Exstrophy: ultimate effect on growth. J Urol. 2012;188(6):2336–42.
Wiersma R. Overview of bladder exstrophy: a third world perspective. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(8):1520–3.
Rösch W, Christl A, Strauss B, Schrott KM, Neuhuber WL. Comparison of preoperative innervation pattern and postreconstructive urodynamics in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. Urol Int. 1997;59(1):6–15.
Borer JG, Vasquez E, Canning DA, Kryger JV, Mitchell ME. An initial report of a novel multi-institutional bladder Exstrophy consortium: a collaboration focused on primary surgery and subsequent care. J Urol. 2015;193(5S):1802–7.
Ellison JS, Ahn J, Shnorhavorian M, Grady R, Merguerian PA. Long-term fate of the upper tracts following complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(4):394.e1–6.
Baradaran N, Cervellione RM, Orosco R, Trock BJ, Mathews RI, Gearhart JP. Effect of failed initial closure on bladder growth in children with bladder Exstrophy. J Urol. 2011;186(4):1450–4.
Diamond DA, et al. Normal urodynamics in patients with bladder exstrophy: are they achievable? J Urol. 1999;162(3 Pt 1):841–4; discussion 844–845,.
Puri A, Mishra K, Sikdar S, Unni KES, Jain AK. Vesical preservation in patients with late bladder Exstrophy referral: histological insights into functional outcome. J Urol. 2014;192(4):1208–14.
Mitrofanoff P. Trans-appendicular continent cystostomy in the management of the neurogenic bladder. Chir Pediatr. 1980;21(4):297–305.
Donnahoo KK, Rink RC, Cain MP, Casale AJ. The Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair for neurogenic incontinence. J Urol. 1999;161(6):1946–9.
Mouriquand PDE, et al. Long-term results of bladder neck reconstruction for incontinence in children with classical bladder exstrophy or incontinent epispadias. BJU Int. 2003;92(9):997–1001; discussion 1002,.
Gearhart JP, Leonard MP, Burgers JK, Jeffs RD. The Cantwell-Ransley technique for repair of epispadias. J Urol. 1992;148(3):851–4.
Diamond DA, Ransley PG. Male epispadias. J Urol. 1995;154(6):2150–5.
Canning DA, Gearhart JP, Peppas DS, Jeffs RD. The cephalotrigonal reimplant in bladder neck reconstruction for patients with exstrophy or epispadias. J Urol. 1993;150(1):156–8.
Gil-Vernet JM. A new technique for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 1984;131(3):456–8.
Tomaszewski R, Pethe K, Koszutski T. Salter pelvic osteotomy in operative treatment in patients with bladder extrophy. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 2010;75(2):126–8.
Sponseller PD, Gearhart JP, Jeffs RD. Anterior innominate osteotomies for failure or late closure of bladder exstrophy. J Urol. 1991;146(1):137–40.
Mushtaq I, et al. Primary bladder Exstrophy closure in neonates: challenging the traditions. J Urol. 2014;191(1):193–8.
Zaman M, et al. Impact of pelvic immobilization techniques on the outcomes of primary and secondary closures of classic bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(4):382-e1.
Cervellione RM, Husmann DA, Bivalacqua TJ, Sponseller PD, Gearhart JP. Penile ischemic injury in the exstrophy/epispadias spectrum: new insights and possible mechanisms. J Pediatr Urol. 2010;6(5):450–6.
Burki T, Hamid R, Ransley PG, Mushtaq I, Duffy PG. Injectable polydimethylsiloxane for treating incontinence in children with the exstrophy-epispadias complex: long-term results. BJU Int. 2006;98(4):849–53.
Hernandez-Martin S, et al. Bladder neck closure in children: long-term results and consequences. Eur J Pediatr Surg Off J Austrian Assoc Pediatr Surg Al Z Kinderchir. 2015;25(1):100–4.
Diseth TH, Bjordal R, Schultz A, Stange M, Emblem R. Somatic function, mental health and psychosocial functioning in 22 adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias. J Urol. 1998;159(5):1684–9; discussion 1689–1690,.
Ebert AK, Bals-Pratsch M, Seifert B, Reutter H, Rösch WH. Genital and reproductive function in males after functional reconstruction of the exstrophy-epispadias complex--long-term results. Urology. 2008;72(3):566–9; discussion 569-570,.
Ebert A, Scheuering S, Schott G, Roesch WH. Psychosocial and psychosexual development in childhood and adolescence within the exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Urol. 2005;174(3):1094–8.
Silver RI, Yang A, Ben-Chaim J, Jeffs RD, Gearhart JP. Penile length in adulthood after exstrophy reconstruction. J Urol. 1997;157(3):999–1003.
Morrison SD, Shakir A, Vyas KS, Kirby J, Crane CN, Lee GK. Phalloplasty: a review of techniques and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(3):594–615.
Schaefer AA, Sakaguchi S. Exstrophy of the bladder: report of two patients operated upon at two months of age. J Pediatr. 1945;26(5):492–500.
Borer JG, et al. Short-term outcomes of the multi-institutional bladder exstrophy consortium: successes and complications in the first two years of collaboration. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(3):275.e1–6.
Schmidt AH, Keenen TL, Tank ES, Bird CB, Beals RK. Pelvic osteotomy for bladder exstrophy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(2):214–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Faraj, S., Leclair, MD. (2021). Bladder Exstrophy. In: Godbole, P., Wilcox, D.T., Koyle, M.A. (eds) Practical Pediatric Urology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54020-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54020-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54019-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54020-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)