Abstract
In our concluding chapter we discuss possible futures for agentic cities into the twenty-first century across transnational cityscapes. We provide readers with examples of international cities that each highlight differing memoryscapes. For instance, we discuss Cold War legacies and class warfare in Seoul; international and definitional issues in Jerusalem; colonial erasures of indigenous pasts in Toronto; and the indigenous agencies of Shillong, India.
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Notes
- 1.
Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); Hyun Bang Shin, “Urban Movements and the Genealogy of Urban Rights Discourses: The Case of Urban Protesters Against Redevelopment and Displacement in Seoul, South Korea,” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108, no. 2 (2018): 356–369.
- 2.
Dylan Trigg, “The Place of Trauma: Memory, Hauntings, and the Temporality of Ruins,” Memory Studies 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 87–101.
- 3.
Southern Poverty Law Center Staff, “The Current State of Sanctuary Law,” Southern Poverty Law Center, last modified March 8, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/20180308/current-state-sanctuary-law.
- 4.
Yarimar Bonilla and Jonathan Kosa, “#Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in the United States,” American Ethnologist 42, no. 1 (2018): 4–17.
- 5.
James F. Osborne, “Counter-Monumentality and the Vulnerability of Memory,” Journal of Social Archaeology, 17, no. 2 (2017): 163–187.
- 6.
Dora Apel, Beautiful Terrible Ruins: Detroit and the Anxiety of Decline (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015), 58–74.
- 7.
Myun-Sahm Suh, “Two Sacred Tales in the Seoul Metropolis: The Gospels of Prosperity and Development in Modernizing South Korea,” Social Compass 66, no. 4 (2019): 561–578, 563.
- 8.
Park Chung-hee, quoted in Suh, “Two Sacred Tales,” 564.
- 9.
See Hyung A. Kim, Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee: Rapid Industrialization, 1961–1979 (London: Routledge, 2004); Kwon, Heonik Kwon, The Other Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010); Gi-wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).
- 10.
Suh, “Two Sacred Tales,” 564.
- 11.
Shin, “Urban Movements,” 360.
- 12.
Ibid., 361.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Ibid., 365–367.
- 15.
For recent International Criminal Court discussions of the potential international law violations that would take place if Israelis try to annex all of the Jordan Valley See Noa Landau, “ICC Prosecutor ‘Concerned’ About Israeli Proposals to Annex Jordan Valley,” Ha’aretz, last modified December 5, 2019, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-icc-prosecutor-concerned-about-israeli-proposals-to-annex-jordan-valley-1.8226040.
- 16.
For a helpful overview of some of the major political issues facing those living in and outside of East Jerusalem, see The International Crisis Group, Reversing Israel’s Deeping Annexation of Occupied East Jerusalem (Jerusalem: The International Crisis Group, 2019), https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/israelpalestine/202-reversing-israels-deepening-annexation-occupied-east-jerusalem.
- 17.
Benjamin Netanyahu, quoted in International Middle East Media Center Staff, “Israel Forms Committee to Boost Colonialist Activities in Occupied West Bank,” International Middle East Media Center News, last modified January 9, 2020, paragraph 11, https://imemc.org/article/israel-forms-committee-to-boost-colonialist-activities-in-occupied-west-bank/.
- 18.
Tina Goldenberg, “Israeli Leader Vows Thousands of New Homes In East Jerusalem,” The Fresno Bee, last modified February 20, 2020, paragraph 1, https://www.fresnobee.com/news/business/article240460746.html.
- 19.
Ibid., paragraphs 2–3.
- 20.
Arab Palestinians living in the diaspora, Gaza, and the West Bank argue that all of the land that was captured by Israelis during the 1967 War—including East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip—is simply occupied territory that should be the lands that belong to those Palestinians who dream of building a future state. For decades frustrated Palestinians have watched as international communities, including the Arab Gulf states, have done little to stop the incremental annexation of East Jerusalem.
- 21.
Goldenberg, “Israeli Leader.”
- 22.
Stephen Graham, Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism (New York: Verso).
- 23.
Part of the dispute is whether the spread of Western viruses such as influenza, measles, and smallpox count as part of these genocides or ethnogenocides. As Jared Diamond has observed in Guns, Germs, Steel, approximately 90% of Native American populations were wiped out from these viruses. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years (Random House, 1998). To David Stannard, author of American Holocaust, nearly 100 million American Indians were killed, which is as many as three times that of those that died from the horrors of the American slave trade. David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (Oxford, 1992), 151.
- 24.
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2017), 9. For more on America’s history of colonial genocide see Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto and Alexander Laban Hinton, editors, Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014).
- 25.
See Donal Carbaugh, “‘Just Listen’: ‘Listening’ and Landscape Among the Blackfeet,” Western Journal of Communication 63, no. 3 (1999): 250–270. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera The New Mestiza (San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books, 2012).
- 26.
Victoria Freeman, “‘Toronto Has No History!’ Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, and Historical Memory in Canada’s Largest City,” Érudit News, vol. 38, no. 2 (2010): 10.
- 27.
Quoted in Freeman, “‘Toronto Has No History!’” 12.
- 28.
Ibid., 13.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Ibid., 2–3.
- 31.
Bhavini Trikha, “9 North-East Indian Tribes,” Buddy Mantra, last modified September 15, 2016, https://buddymantra.com/north-east-indian-tribes/.
- 32.
“Chapter 4: Historical Background of the Region,” 80–100, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7-WbBPruckkJ:shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/69529/12/12_chapter%25204.pdf+&cd=25&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-d.
- 33.
Mahasweta Dey, “U Tirot Singh & Meghalaya’s Fight for Freedom,” Live History India, last modified June 16, 2019, https://www.livehistoryindia.com/history-daily/2019/06/16/u-tirot-singh-meghalayas-fight-for-freedom.
- 34.
Space jamming can be understood as a spatialized version of Harold’s notion of “culture jamming.” See Christine Harold. OurSpace: Resisting the Corporate Control of Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007).
- 35.
See Iaithrang Nongbri, History of the Coming of the Gospel to Ri War Mihngi (Riatsamthia, Shillong: Miss Melarida Wahlang, 2010).
- 36.
Rev. B. L. Nongbri, “Christianity, Khasi Language and Literature: An Historical Analysis of the Interaction of Christianity with Traditional Culture,” in T. B. Subba, Joseph Puthenpurakal, and Shaji Joseph Puykunnel, eds., Christianity and Change in Northeast India (New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing, 2006), 177.
- 37.
Northeast Now News Staff, “Thousands Protest in Shillong Seeking ILP; Tear Gas Cells Fired,” Northeast Now, last modified December 13, 2019, https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/thousands-protest-in-shillong-seeking-ilp-tear-gas-cells-fired.html.
- 38.
Scroll Staff, “Citizen Act Protests: In Shillong, Police Use Tear Gas, Baton-Charge Demonstrators,” Scroll, last modified December 13, 2019, https://scroll.in/latest/946763/citizenship-act-protests-in-shillong-police-use-tear-gas-baton-charge-demonstrators.
- 39.
Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège De France, 1977–78, Michel Sennellart, ed., Graham Burchell (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 248.
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Hasian, M.A., Paliewicz, N.S. (2020). The Future Roles of Remembering and Forgetting for Agentic Twenty-First-Century Cities. In: Memory and Monument Wars in American Cities. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53771-5_5
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