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Green Sands

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Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology

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Abstract

On account of their chemical character, molding sands with organic and inorganic binders can be singled out. The separate group constitute molding sands with bentonite (green sands) which – apart from a mineral matrix and bentonite – contain carbon substances, generating lustrous carbon. More and more often green sands are considered molding sands with inorganic binders. In the case of green sands, the basic problem constitutes the selection of additions generating lustrous carbon, which would be as low as possible harmful for humans and the environment and would allow the reclamation of bentonite from knocked out molding sands. More than 70% of iron castings are produced in green sands.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The process is called “green sand” casting not because the sand is green but because the sand is moistened with water and clay, rather than oil. The term green sand means the presence of moisture in molding sand indicates that the mold is not baked or dried.

  2. 2.

    Montmorillonite, mineral from the silica group, is counted to argillaceous minerals (group of smectites). The name originates from the town Montmorillon in France.

  3. 3.

    Natural fuels are utilized in thermochemical transformation processes, to which belong:

    • Burning  – thermochemical process performed in the oxygen presence; the basic products of the process are CO2 and H2O.

    • Gassing  – process of total thermochemical transformation performed in the presence of oxygen or air with water vapor addition; a mixture of combustible gases, first of all, CO, H2, and hydrocarbons, as a potential fuel with a simultaneous decomposition of water vapor into oxygen and hydrogen, are formed. High oxygen concentration is created in the mold cavity.

    • Pyrolysis  – thermochemical process performed without the oxygen access, in the result of which solid, liquid, and gaseous products are formed.

    • Liquefaction  – process aimed at producing liquid fuels out of natural solid fuels.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

    Mariusz Holtzer & Angelika Kmita

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  1. Mariusz Holtzer
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  2. Angelika Kmita
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Holtzer, M., Kmita, A. (2020). Green Sands. In: Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53210-9_10

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