Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Music in Transit: The Exile of Italian Jewish Musicians from Fascist Italy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Italian Jewish Musicians and Composers under Fascism

Part of the book series: Italian and Italian American Studies ((IIAS))

  • 128 Accesses

Abstract

The topic of exile from Fascist Italy has been dealt with only recently by some scholars who mainly focus on the exile of Jewish and anti-Fascist intellectuals. The exile of Italian Jewish musicians has up until this point not been comprehensively analyzed. Primarily using both public and private archival research, this chapter reconstructs the experiences of two Italian Jewish musicians: the composer Renzo Massarani and the pianist Gualtiero Volterra. Both Massarani and Volterra chose exile in order to escape from Fascist persecution. In comparing their exiles in Brazil and Australia, respectively, this chapter demonstrates how exile influenced their creativity and how each had vastly different exilic experiences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For an overview of the term exile, see Bruno Groppo, “Exilés, réfugies, émigrés, immigrés: Problèmes de définition,” in Exilés et rifugiés politiques aux Etat-Unis 1789-2000, ed. C. Collomp and M. Menéndez (Paris: CNRS Editions, 2003), 19-30; Maurizio Bettini, “Exilum,” in Parolechiave, no. 41 (2009): 1–14.

  2. 2.

    Annalisa Capristo, Gather What You Can and Flee: Jewish Intellectual Emigration from Fascist Italy, trans. Peter Rothstein (New York: CPL Editions, 2014), 13 pdf version.

  3. 3.

    See Renato Camurri, “Introduzione,” Memoria e Ricerca, no. 31 (May/August 2009): 6.

  4. 4.

    See Franz Neumann, “The Social Sciences,” in The Cultural Migration: The European Scholar in America, ed. W.R. Crawford (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953), 16–17.

  5. 5.

    Regarding the twentieth-century European intellectual migration, see Donald Fleming and Bernard. Bailyn eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1969); H. Stuart. Hughes, The Sea Change: The Migration of Social Thought, 1930-1965 (New York: Harper & Row, 1975); Lewis A. Coser, Refugee Scholars in America: Their Impact and Their Experience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Dante Della Terza, Da Vienna a Baltimora: La diaspora degli intellettuali europei negli Stati Uniti d’America (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 2001); Edward Timms and Jon Hughes, Intellectual Migration and Cultural Transformation: Refugees from National Socialism in the English-Speaking World (New York: Springer, 2003); Jean-Michel Palmier, Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America (London: Verso Books, 2017).

  6. 6.

    See for example the well-studied case of the Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini; see Harvey Sachs, Toscanini, Musician of Conscience (New York: Liveright, 2017)

  7. 7.

    Harvey Sachs, Music in Fascist Italy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), 10.

  8. 8.

    See Enrico Girardi, “Su Renzo Massarani,” in La musica a Milano in Lombardia e oltre. Volume secondo, ed. Sergio Martinotti (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2000), 399–411; Carlo Piccardi, “Renzo Massarani, popolare e moderno,” in Affetti musicali, Studi in onore di S. Martinotti, ed. Maurizio Padoan (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2005), 361–379; Piccardi, “La parabola di Renzo Massarani, compositore ebreo all’ombra del fascismo,” in Music and Dictatorship in Europe and Latin America, eds. Roberto Illiano, and Massimiliano Sala, (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2010), 171–331; Grove Music Online, s.v. “Renzo Massarani,” by John C.G. Waterhouse, accessed October 10, 2019, https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000018007; Dizionario Bibliografico degli Italiani Online, s.v. “Renzo Massarani,” by Roberto Balzani, accessed September 21, 2019, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/renzo-massarani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/.

  9. 9.

    See Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Una vita di musica: Un libro di ricordi, ed. James Westby, intr. by Mila De Santis, editing Ulla Casalini (Fiesole: Cadmo, 2005); Angelo Gilardino, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Un fiorentino a Beverly Hills (Milan: Edizioni Curci-CIDIM, 2018); Franco Carlo Ricci, Vittorio Rieti (Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1987); Edda Fogarollo, Note Scordate: Tre musicisti ebrei nella tempesta delle leggi razziali (Leghorn: Sillabe, 2018), 109–151.

  10. 10.

    On September 5, 1938, Vittorio Foa wrote a letter from prison to his family suggesting that they should be prepared to pack their bags (fare fagotto); see Vittorio Foa, Lettere dalla giovinezza. Dal carcere 1935-1943, ed. Federica Montevecchi (Turin: Einaudi, 1998), 477.

  11. 11.

    Renzo Massarani was born in Mantua in 1898 to Giulio Massarani and Gina Colorni, and Gualtiero Volterra was born in Florence in 1901 to Gustavo Volterra and Adele Melli.

  12. 12.

    Under the aegis of Alfredo Casella, the collaboration between Massarani, Vittorio Rieti and Mario Labroca was born. They called themselves “i Tre” (The Three), inspired by the French group known as “Six.” Piccardi, “La parabola di Renzo Massarani, compositore ebreo all’ombra del fascismo,” 174.

  13. 13.

    Piccardi, “La parabola di Renzo Massarani,” 190–191. For an overview on Vittorio Podrecca’s Teatro dei Piccoli, see Vanni Zuliani, Vittorio Podrecca ed il “Teatro dei Piccoli” (Udine: 1980); Guido, Leonardo Vergani and Maria Signorelli, Podrecca e il teatro dei Piccoli (Udine: Casamassima, 1979); La fabbrica dei sogni, eds. Paola Veroli, and Giuseppina Volpicelli (Bologna: Edizioni Bora, 2005).

  14. 14.

    For example, the opera Guerino detto il Meschino of 1928.

  15. 15.

    This folk influence can be seen, for example, in piano pieces Dal Lago di Mantova (From Mantua Lake) of 1922, Due canzoni corali (Two choral songs) of 1923 and Sinfonietta (Little Symphony) of 1924.

  16. 16.

    Renzo Massarani had three children: Laura born in 1929, Andrea in 1930 and Giulio in 1937.

  17. 17.

    Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was born in Florence in 1895. He studied first at the Istituto Musicale Cherubini in Florence and then composition at the Liceo Musicale of Bologna. He became one of the most important composers of the new Italian generation. In 1939, he left Italy with his family for New York, and then he moved to California. From 1940, he started to work with several Hollywood studios. He died in Beverly Hills in 1968. Grove Music Online, s.v. “Castelnuovo-Tedesco,” by James Westby, accessed October 15, 2019,

    https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005128.

  18. 18.

    Vittorio Rieti was born in Alexandria (Egypt) in 1898. He first studied music with Giuseppe Frugatta in Milan and then composition with Alfredo Casella and Ottorino Respighi. From 1925 to 1940, Rieti divided his time between Rome and Paris, and he became close to Stravinsky, Prokofiev, and Hindemith. In 1940, he moved to the United States where he became a citizen in 1944. In the United States, he continued to compose, especially music for ballet, and he taught at several musical colleges. Grove Music Online, s.v. “Vittorio Rieti,” by Harry Haskell, accessed October 20, 2019, https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000007336.

  19. 19.

    Alfredo Casella, 21+26, ed. Alessandra Carlotta Pellegrini (Florence: Olschki, 2001), 126, quoted in Piccardi, “La parabola di Renzo Massarani,” 277.

  20. 20.

    In the online photographic archive of the CDEC, there is a photo of the Volterra family dated 1907 ca. “La famiglia Volterra tra cui Beppino, Amedeo, Gastone e Gualtiero,” Digital Library, CDEC, accessed November 28, 2019, http://digital-library.cdec.it/cdec-web/fotografico/detail/IT-CDEC-FT0001-0000030770/la-famiglia-volterra-cui-beppino-amedeo-gastone-e-gualtiero.html.

  21. 21.

    “Promettenti,” Corriere dei Piccoli (Milan), no. 14, April 5, 1914, 10. The Corriere dei Piccoli (Courier of the Little Ones) was a weekly magazine for children, as a supplement of Corriere della Sera, published in Italy from 1908 to 1995.

  22. 22.

    Carlo Schmidl, Dizionario universale dei musicisti. Appendice–aggiunte e retifiche al primo e secondo volume (Milan: Sonzogno, 1938) 764; Alberto De Angelis, Dizionario dei musicisti. Appendice alla seconda edizione, (Rome: Ausonia, 1929), 182.

  23. 23.

    “Il Concerto Volterra,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), May 23, 1917, 2.

  24. 24.

    Lucia Brighenti, La società dei concerti di Parma (Parma: Silva Editore, 2013), 122.

  25. 25.

    Carlo Schmidl, Dizionario universale dei musicisti, 764.

  26. 26.

    “Notizie Musicali. Al Conservatorio,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), March 15, 1921, 2.

  27. 27.

    Alberto De Angelis, Dizionario dei musicisti, 182.

  28. 28.

    “Un concerto italiano a Londra,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), October 18, 1929, 3.

  29. 29.

    “I concerti dell’ Orchestra Fiorentina,” Corriere della Sera, January 13, 1930, 3; “Il secondo concerto Gui alla Scala,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), June 28, 1930, 4.

  30. 30.

    “Un concerto Galli Curci-Volterra a Londra,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), November 17, 1930, 2.

  31. 31.

    “Notiziario,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), November 22, 1931, 5.

  32. 32.

    For a brief account of the wedding ceremony, see “Nozze Volterra-Kelly,” Italo-Australian (Sydney), November 24, 1928, 5, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/259234026.

  33. 33.

    Gualtiero Volterra became friends with the pianists Alfred Cortot and Ferruccio Busoni. See Publicity Section, Press Release, “Pianist Travels with His Own Music Chair. Volterra’s Early Career,” Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Volterra Gualtiero, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  34. 34.

    Publicity Section, Press Release, “Concert Virtuoso is also an Expert Picture-Buyer,” Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Gualtiero Volterra, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  35. 35.

    Newspaper clippings, West Australian (Perth), April 12, 1946, Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Volterra Gualtiero, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  36. 36.

    Publicity Section, Press Release, “Concert Virtuoso is also an Expert Picture-Buyer,” ABC, NAA, NSW.

  37. 37.

    Michele Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy: From Equality to Persecution, trans. John and Anne C. Tedeschi (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 151.

  38. 38.

    Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy, 156.

  39. 39.

    Massarani was employed by SIAE from 1929 to November 1938. See Carlo Piccardi “La parabola di Renzo Massarani,” 310.

  40. 40.

    For an overview of the broadcasting interdiction, see Giorgio Fabre, L’elenco. Censura fascista, editoria e autori ebrei, (Turin: Silvio Zamorani Editore, 1998), 50–51; Annalisa Capristo, “Fonti per lo studio della persecuzione antiebraica fascista nel settore musicale,” in Scripta sonant: Contributi sul patrimonio musicale italiano, eds. Annalisa Bini, Tiziana Grande, and Federica Riva (Milan: IAML, 2018), 366–367.

  41. 41.

    Andrea Massarani, “Esilio in Brasile M° Renzo Massarani,” in Incontro commemorative del centenario della nascita di Renzo Massarani (Milan, 1998).

  42. 42.

    Daniela Massarani, email correspondence with author, October 30, 2018.

  43. 43.

    Andrea Massarani, “Esilio in Brasile M° Renzo Massarani.”

  44. 44.

    See report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, July 10, 1940, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW. In the ACS, Demorazza, there are no documents regarding Volterra’s discrimination request.

  45. 45.

    Despite the fact that Patricia Kelly was born in Australia, having married a citizen from an enemy country she was considered an enemy alien. This resulted in the Australian authorities denying to renew her driver’s license after she arrived in Australia in 1939. See letter from Secretary E.J. Baldwin to Patricia Kelly, December 24, 1941, Box 202, C123/1, Item 6839, Volterra [nee Kelly], Patricia (Italian by marriage—born in Australia), NAA, NSW.

  46. 46.

    The Volterra family was staying at the Kelly family home at 39 Sutherland Crescent, Darling Point, Sydney, NSW.

  47. 47.

    For an overview of Italian-language newspapers in Australia, see Amedeo Tosco, “Origini e primi sviluppi della stampa italiana in Australia: il caso dell’Italo-Australiano (1885),” in Altreitalie no. 34 (2007), 39–68. This article was previously published in English as Amedeo Tosco, “Features of early ethnic Italo-Australian newspapers: a case study of L’Italo-Australiano (1885),” Australian Journalism Monographs 7 (2005): 1–34. The Italian version has been used here because it has been updated.

  48. 48.

    This is not the first time that the Volterra family was mentioned in Australian newspapers. Prior to their arrival in Australia, their October 15 marriage was announced six weeks later by the Queensland Figar o’s society pages “Sydney Letter,” on December 1, 1928, which took care to mention that Volterra had performed concerts at London’s Wigmore Hall the previous year, that he spoke English fluently, and that he was “young and good-looking.” See “Sydney Letter,” Queensland Figaro (Brisbane), December 1, 1928, 12, accessed May 5, 2019, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84904431.

  49. 49.

    Thomas Herbert Kelly had been a lieutenant colonel heading the Intelligence Branch during the First World War. He then became a well-known businessman in Sydney, in addition to being cultured: he was a member of the Dante Alighieri Art and Literary Society. Ethel Knight Kelly (nee Mollison) had been a theater actress in the United States before migrating to Australia to continue performing there. The couple were well known as prominent members of Sydney’s high society. See Australian Dictionary of Biography, s.v. “Kelly, Thomas Herbert (1875-1948),” by Martha Rutledge, accessed September 7, 2019, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kelly-thomas-herbert-6924.

  50. 50.

    The Volterra family received a third mention on January, 11, 1940, in the Catholic Freeman’s Journal society pages, “The Social Round,” which reported that Mr. and Mrs. Kelly had held a “late afternoon party at their home” with their daughter Signora Volterra and son-in-law Signor Volterra. See “The Social Round,” Catholic Freeman’s Journal (Sydney), January 11, 1940, 11, accessed May 5, 2019, http://nla.gov/nla.news-article146100746.

  51. 51.

    We don’t know if Volterra was in contact with the small Italian Jewish antifascist group that was exiled in Australia. Marcello Montagnana writes about this group in the essay, “I rifugiati ebrei italiani in Australia e il movimento antifascista ‘Italia Libera’ (1942–1946),” in Notiziario dell’Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Cuneo e Provincia 31 (June 1987), 5–114.

  52. 52.

    The newspaper was edited in Sydney from 1932 until the beginning of the Second World War, by Cesare Bianchi and Franco Battistessa, who was a convinced fascist, former squadrista and came from the nationalist ranks. Tosco, “Origini e primi sviluppi della stampa italiana in Australia,” 49.

  53. 53.

    See report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, July 10, 1940.

  54. 54.

    K. Saunders, War on the Homefront: State intervention in Queensland 1938-1948 (Queensland, St. Lucia: University Queensland Press, 1993), 33, quoted in Maria Glaros, “ ‘Sometimes a little injustice must be suffered for the public good’. How the National Security (Aliens Control) Regulations 1939 (Cth) affected the lives of German, Italian, Japanese and Australian born women living in Australia during the Second World War” (PhD thesis, University of Western Australia, 2012), 48, https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A14497.

  55. 55.

    K. Saunders, War on the Homefront, 33.

  56. 56.

    For an overview of Italian migrants in Australia during the Second World War, see Richard Bosworth, and Romano Ugolini, War, Internment and Mass Migration. The Italo-Australian Experience 1940-1990 (Rome: Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale, 1992); Cate Elkner, Enemy-aliens: the internment of Italian migrants in Australia during the Second World War, foreword by James Franklin (Bacchus Marsh, Vic: Connor Court Publishing, 2005); Joan Beaumont, Ilma Martinuzzi O’Brien, and Mathew Trinca eds., Under suspicion: citizenship and internment in Australia during the Second World War (Canberra, A.C.T., National Museum of Australian Press, 2008); Gerardo Papalia, “The Italian “Fifth Column” in Australia: Fascist Propaganda, Italian-Australians and Internment,” Australian Journal of Politics & History 66, no. 2 (June 2020), 214–231.

  57. 57.

    Report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, July 10, 1940.

  58. 58.

    Report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, September 21, 1940, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  59. 59.

    Report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, subject Mrs. Russell, November 19, 1940, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  60. 60.

    Letter by Mr. Noel Linton, January 9, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  61. 61.

    Memorandum containing a newspaper clipping by Jim Donald, Truth (Sydney), January 12, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  62. 62.

    See report to Inspector 2/C Wilson, M.P.I. Section, February 6, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  63. 63.

    Dossier 6606, M.P.I. Section, August 2, 1940, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW. See also report to Inspector 1/C Keefe, M.P.I. Section, subject Volterra, Gualtiero-an Italian alien, November 19, 1940, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  64. 64.

    See Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy, 144.

  65. 65.

    In this report it is also mentioned of Volterra: “towards the present war, it is difficult to find out just what his views are, but he appears to be Pro-British.” See report to Inspector 2/C Wilson, M.P.I. Section, February 6, 1941, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  66. 66.

    In this regard, we may refer to two successive reports from March 3, 7, and 10, 1941, respectively, with the subject “Gualtiero Volterra question of issue of motor driver’s license.” These reports state that Volterra is an enemy alien, and that “he has been unfavorably reported on [with suggestions] that he is a member of the Fascist party. ” It is suggested that “the use of a motor driver’s license is not essential to this man.” See report to Inspector Wilson, Police Headquarters, March 7, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW. Following the three reports, on March 13, 1941, Secretary E.J. Baldwin of the Sydney Police Department addressed a letter directly to Volterra, communicating the decision of the Military Authorities that “it will be necessary to return your driver’s license to the Department of Road Transport for cancellation.” See letter from Secretary E.J. Baldwin, Sydney Police Department to Gualtiero Volterra, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  67. 67.

    Confirming this continued discontent, another document from the previously mentioned Sir Richard Linton is included in the Volterra folder. Linton delivered a newspaper clipping from the Sydney Morning Herald dated February 28, 1941, to the police station. Titled “Social and Personal–Dinner Party,” the clipping describes a party at the Kelly home that had been held in honour of a distinguished guest. Linton had underlined the name of Gualtiero Volterra, who was reported in the clipping as having been in attendance, to prove that Volterra was still attending high society events. See newspaper clipping Sydney Morning Herland, February 28, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  68. 68.

    Glaros, “‘Sometimes a little injustice must be suffered for the public good’,” ix.

  69. 69.

    See report to Inspector 2/C Wilson, M.P.I. Section, October 2, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  70. 70.

    Report to Inspector 2/C Wilson, M.P.I. Section, November 6, 1941, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  71. 71.

    Ignaz Friedman was born in 1882 in Podgórze (Galicia) and died in Sydney in 1948.

  72. 72.

    Allan Evans, Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), 205.

  73. 73.

    Evans, Ignaz Friedman, 205.

  74. 74.

    Evans, Ignaz Friedman.

  75. 75.

    Evans, Ignaz Friedman, 206–207.

  76. 76.

    Publicity Section, Press Release, “Volterra to Tour for the A.B.C. Italian Pianist with a Background of Triumphs,” February 27, 1946, Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Gualtiero Volterra, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  77. 77.

    See “Music and Drama,” The Sydney Morning Herald, May 8, 1943, 6, accessed May 5, 2019, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17847577.

  78. 78.

    See letter by B.W. Kirke, ABC manager for NSW to deputy director of security, October 5, 1944, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  79. 79.

    See letter by deputy security for NSW to the manager for the NSW ABC, October 17, 1944, Box 194, C123/1, Item 6606, Volterra, Gualtiero (Italian), NAA, NSW.

  80. 80.

    Suzanne D. Rutland, The Jews in Australia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 51.

  81. 81.

    See newspaper clippings, Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Volterra Gualtiero, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  82. 82.

    As it was reported in a few newspapers, one concert in Adelaide, scheduled for ANZAC Day on April 25, 1946, was cancelled following protests from ex-servicemen. The reason for this, as is explained by the articles, was due to Volterra’s Italianness, as many Australian soldiers had died in combat against the Italian and German troops in Africa. Hence the inappropriateness, according to the protest, of allowing an Italian artist to perform on the first ANZAC Day after the Second World War. See newspaper clipping “Anzac Night Concert by EX-Alien Pianist Resented By Soldiers,” The Truth (Sydney), May 5, 1946, Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Volterra Gualtiero, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  83. 83.

    See newspaper clippings “Volterra Leaves Sydney,” The Sydney Morning Herald, February 1, 1947, Box 6, SP767/1, Item 138, Volterra Gualtiero, ABC, NAA, NSW.

  84. 84.

    From the “List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for The United,” we know that Volterra embarked on the ship SS Defender in Sydney on January 21, 1947, and arrived in Boston on February 24, 1947. See “Massachusetts, Elenchi dei passeggeri e degli equipaggi, 1820-1963,” Ancestry, accessed November 28, 2019, https://www.ancestry.it/search/categories/40/?name=Gualtiero_Volterra

  85. 85.

    The memoir by Carla Pekelis confirms the presence of the Volterra family in New York. See Carla Pekelis, My Version of the Facts (St. Evanston: Marlboro Press, 2005) 260.

  86. 86.

    Umberto Angelo Volterra was arrested in Florence and deported, first to Fossoli Internment camp in Italy and then to Auschwitz on April 5, 1944. He was killed on arrival in Auschwitz on April 10, 1944. Gastone Volterra was arrested in Florence and deported, first to Fossoli’s camp in Italy and then to Auschwitz on April 5, 1944. He was killed on arrival in Auschwitz on April 10, 1944. See Liliana Picciotto, Il libro della memoria. Gli ebrei deportati dall’Italia (1943-1945) (Milan: Mursia, 2002) 652. For an overview of the Jewish deportation from Tuscany, see: Enzo Collotti ed., Ebrei in Toscana tra occupazione tedesca e RSI: persecuzione, depredazione, deportazione (1943-1945) (Rome: Carocci, 2007).

  87. 87.

    Evans, Ignaz Friedman, 207-208.

  88. 88.

    See Eugenia S. Robbins ed., “Art News–from Colleges and Elsewhere,” Art Journal 32, no. 1 (Autumn, 1972); Dianne Dwyer Modestini, Masterpieces, based on a manuscript by Mario Modestini (Florence: Cadmo, 2018); Eva Toffali, “Alessandro Contini-Bonacossi tra le due guerre: Kress e gli altri. Novità dagli archivi fiorentini e romani (1929-1939),” Gazzetta antiquaria, Associazione antiquari d’Italia, 2016, accessed October 18, 2019, https://www.antiquariditalia.it/it/gazzetta/articolo/2/138/alessandro-contini-bonacossi-tra-le-due-guerre-kress-e-gli-altri.

  89. 89.

    Fulvia Zaninelli, Alessandro Contini Bonacossi, Antiquario (1878-1955) The Art Market and Cultural Philanthropy in the formation of American Museums, (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018), 105–110, https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/31510; Sandro Pazzi, La donazione dimenticata. L’incredibile vicenda della Collezione Contini Bonacossi, (Milan: Electra, 2016).

  90. 90.

    We know from an article about the tax contribution from Florentine families to the Florence Municipality of the Corriere della Sera newspaper on December 30, 1960, that Volterra was resident in Florence. See “L’imposta di famiglia a Firenze e i ruoli suppletivi per Bologna,” Corriere della Sera (Milan), December 30, 1960, 10.

  91. 91.

    Zaninelli, Alessandro Contini Bonacossi, 108.

  92. 92.

    See “The Kress Collection Catalogue,” Samuel H. Kress Foundation, accessed October 15, 2019, http://www.kressfoundation.org/collection/catalogue. Contini Bonacossi was unable to go to the United States because he wasn’t granted a visa. For this reason, he sent, among other collaborators, Gualtiero Volterra. See Sandro Pazzi, La donazione dimenticata, 109.

  93. 93.

    Eugenia S. Robbins ed., “Art News–from Colleges and Elsewhere,” 80.

  94. 94.

    See Andrea Bacchi ed., Dipinti ferraresi della collezione Vittorio Cini, (Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 1990), xi, 6, 26.

  95. 95.

    Robbins ed., “Art News–from Colleges and Elsewhere,” 80.

  96. 96.

    See “Contini-Volterra Photographic Archive,” Digital Collections of the Vanderbilt University Library, accessed October 15, 2019, http://diglib.library.vanderbilt.edu/cv.pl.

  97. 97.

    We know, from the immigration schedule, that Massarani received a visa from the Brazilian Consulate in Livorno on April 5, 1939 (he had previously received the passport on December 26, 1938), and he embarked on the ship Neptunia in Naples on May 11, 1939. See “Rio de Janeiro, Brasile, Schede di immigrazione, 1900-1965,” Ancestry, accessed on November 28, 2019, https://www.ancestry.it/search/categories/40/?name=Renzo_Massarani.

  98. 98.

    I express my gratitude to Daniela Massarani for having given me the possibility to see the family’s archive and for the extremely helpful information she gave me during my time in Milan. I would like to note that in 2015 Daniela Massarani’s son, Luca Buratto, won the prestigious Honens Prize Laureate of the Honens International Piano Competition in Calgary, Canada, and that he is one of Italy’s most promising young Italian pianists, continuing his family legacy. For an overview of the Italian and Jewish immigration in Brazil, see Anna Rosa Campagnano, In difesa della razza: os judeus italianos refugiados do fascismo e o antissemitismo do governo Vargas, 1938-1945, (São Paulo: EDUSP- FAPESP, 2011); Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro, Citoyens du monde: Le Brésil face à l’Holocauste et aux réfugiés juifs (1933-1948), trans. from Portuguese by Marie Jo Ferreira, (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2017).

  99. 99.

    See Fanfulla–Cronaca (São Paolo), June 13, 1939, 8, Massarani Family Archive, Milan.

  100. 100.

    See Angelo Trento, “Il Fanfulla di San Paolo e la stampa italiana in Brasile dal nazionalismo al fascismo,” Anais do V Seminário da Imigração Italiana em Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 4-5 nov. 2009, accessed October 21, 2019, https://www.ponteentreculturas.com.br/revista/fanfulla.pdf.

  101. 101.

    See “Por Motivos Raciaes foi forçado a deixar a Italia un grande maestro italiano,” Diario da Noite (Rio de Janeiro), August 10, 1939, 3, Massarani Family Archive, Milan.

  102. 102.

    The article recounts Bezanzoni’s last Italian performance in Rome, in the principal role of Carmen, in the presence of Mussolini. See “Por Motivos Raciaes foi forçado a deixar a Italia un grande maestro italiano,” Diario da Noite (Rio de Janeiro).

  103. 103.

    See “Algunos minutos com o maestro Renzo Massarani que èle nos disse sobre or movement musical na Italia de hoje,” A Gazeta–S. Paulo–Segunda Feira (San Paulo), August 14, 1939, Massarani Family Archive, Milan.

  104. 104.

    The article also relays Massarani’s hope of having his ballet “Guerin detto il Meschino” performed in São Paulo.

  105. 105.

    Andrea Massarani, “Esilio in Brasile del M° Renzo Massarani.”

  106. 106.

    Andrea Massarani, “Esilio in Brasile del M° Renzo Massarani.”

  107. 107.

    Conserved in the Massarani Family Archive are a few articles written by Renzo Massarani for these two newspapers. Massarani became one of the most important music critics for the Jornal do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro).

  108. 108.

    Massarani’s articles for the two newspapers are difficult to access today in the music section of the Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro. A partial collection of Massarani’s Brazilian articles is conserved in Venice at Fondazione Giorgio Cini. See Recensioni e Scritti Critici su Alfredo Casella, Fondo Alfredo Casella, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice; Ritagli stampa, Ritagli stampa raccolti in album, vol. 16, 1946–1951, Fondo Gian Francesco Malipiero, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice; Scritti, Articoli a stampa raccolti in album, Scritti su G.F. Malipiero, Articoli su G.F.M. vol. II, Fondo Gian Francesco Malipiero, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice.

  109. 109.

    The Acadêmia was founded on June 28, 1945, by Villa-Lobos, Lorenzo Fernandez, João Baptista Julião, Florêncio de Almeida Lima and Arthur Iberê de Lemos. See “Renzo Massarani,” Acadêmia Brasileira de Música, accessed September 4, 2019, http://www.abmusica.org.br/_old/academico.php?n=rrenzo-massarani&id=107

  110. 110.

    See “Lettera di Renzo Massarani a Alfredo Casella,” September 27, 1946, Rio de Janeiro, Carteggi, Corrispondenze di Renzo Massarani a Alfredo Casella, busta XVIII, fasc. 4, n. L.3767, Fondo Alfredo Casella, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice, quoted in part by Carlo Piccardi, “La parabola di Renzo Massarani, compositore ebreo all’ombra del fascismo,” 171.

  111. 111.

    “Appena liberata Roma, uno dei primi nomi a cui ho pensato è stato il vostro.” “Lettera di Renzo Massarani a Alfredo Casella,” September 27, 1946, Rio de Janeiro.

  112. 112.

    “Di noi poco da raccontarvi: abbiamo continuato anche durante la guerra una vita scialba, mediocre, da spostati pieni di rimpianti e di “saudades.” Io ho superato poco a poco la mia malattia, ho lavorato per mesi e mesi per 20 ore al giorno, dando lezioni di tutti i generi, scrivendo musica…per compositori locali, facendo orchestrazioni variopinte, mi sono malinconicamente guadagnato il pane, senza la minima soddisfazione. Elda ha tenuto in piedi allegramente la baracca e adesso lotta contro la crisi sempre più dura che sta riducendo il ricchissimo Brasile peggio della nostra Italia. (…).” “Lettera di Renzo Massarani a Alfredo Casella,” September 27, 1946, Rio de Janeiro.

  113. 113.

    “il peso del distacco dalla propria terra madre e della nostalgia che il suo ricordo genera nella mente,” in Renato Camurri, “Introduzione,” in Gaetano Salvemini Lettere Americane 1927–1949, ed. Renato Camurri, pref. Paolo Marzotto (Rome: Donzelli editore, 2015), XXII.

  114. 114.

    Camurri, “Introduzione,” in Gaetano Salvemini.

  115. 115.

    “Come vedete, niente di allegro: ma non possiamo lamentarci, se non altro pensando che abbiamo salvato i figli e che 32 dei nostri parenti rimasi in Italia sono stati, invece, ammazzati. Ringraziamo Iddio, perciò, e tiriamo avanti. Adesso avremmo un enorme desiderio di tornare un poco in Italia (sia pure soltanto per far visita a parenti ed agli amici) ma la spesa è troppo grande per le nostre possibilità, e bisognerà aspettare ancora chissà per quanto tempo.” “Lettera di Renzo Massarani a Alfredo Casella,” September 27, 1946, Rio de Janeiro.

  116. 116.

    To these, another from Vittorio Rieti to Casella on December 27, 1945, must be added. See “Lettera di Vittorio Rieti a Alfredo Casella,” December 27, 1945, New York, Carteggi, Rieti, Vittorio, busta XXI, fasc. 5, n. L.4388, Fondo Alfredo Casella, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice.

  117. 117.

    “Ero rimasto con l’impressione che non desideravate, (almeno in quel particolare periodo) restare in corrispondenza con me .. quest’impressione (nata dal fatto che, l’ultima volta che venivate a Firenze prima della mia partenza, non venite a casa nostra, com’eravate soliti, ma preferite prender commiato in “luogo neutro”!) mi fu poi confermata dal fatto che voi stessi, durante il primo anno del mio soggiorno in America, non mi avete mai scritto (…) neanche quando mancò la mia Mamma! (…) lo notai poiché, in quell’occasione, anche i più puri ariani e i più zelanti gerarchi non esitarono ad inviarmi una parola di simpatia.” “Lettera di Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco a Alfredo Casella e Yvonne Muller Casella,” August 26, 1945, Beverly Hills, Carteggi, Corrispondenza di Mario Catelnuovo-Tedesco a Alfredo Casella, busta X, fasc. 3, n. L.2302, Fondo Alfredo Casella, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice.

  118. 118.

    “Fu certo una grande fortuna per noi di lasciare l’Italia in tempo in quel lontano luglio, anche se il colpo fu quanto mai doloroso e certo quella decisione ha risparmiato a me e ai miei infiniti pericoli e molte sofferenze fisiche. Sofferenze morali non sono mancate e potete immaginare in quale stato di ansia indicibile abbiamo vissuto per la sorte dei nostri rimasti in patria come per le vicende del mondo e della nostra povera Italia in particolare.” “Lettera di Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco a Alfredo Casella e Yvonne Muller Casella,” August 26, 1945, Beverly Hills.

  119. 119.

    “New York è in festa per la fine della guerra nel Pacifico e comincio ad aprire il cuore nella speranza di poter fare un viaggio in Europa in un avvenire non troppo lontano (…) Anch’io ho lavorato ad ogni sorta di sacco di cose: musica sinfonica e da camera e tre balletti, due già arrivati in scena e uno per la stagione prossima. In quest’ultimo campo, si sta meglio che nel campo dei concerti, dove spira un gran vento di reazione e di nazionalismo. Personalmente però mi sento in forza (…) malgrado la spina nel cuore che mi si è conficcata dal tempo delle angosciose notizie ricevute dall’Italia.” “Lettera di Vittorio Rieti a Alfredo Casella,” August 17, 1945, New York, Carteggi, Rieti, Vittorio, busta XXI, fasc. 5, n. L.4387, Fondo Alfredo Casella, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice.

  120. 120.

    Andrea Massarani mentions Castelnuovo-Tedesco in his memoirs, see Andrea Massarani, “Esilio in Brasile M° Renzo Massarani.” Some information on Rieti is available in Ricci, Vittorio Rieti, 356–357.

  121. 121.

    Girardi, “Su Renzo Massarani,” 399.

  122. 122.

    In the catalog of Massarani’s works, put together by Enrico Girardi, these were the compositions made in Brazil: eight Brazilian folk songs and a composition for solo piano. Girardi, “Su Renzo Massarani,” 405–411.

  123. 123.

    Ricci, Vittorio Rieti, 476.

  124. 124.

    Episode also reported by Girardi, “Su Renzo Massarani,” 401.

  125. 125.

    Andrea Massarani remembers another episode in which his father had to write some of the missing parts in the symphony of the composer Giovanni Battista Lulli for the Teatro Musical di Rio de Janeiro, which had not arrived in time due to the war. See Andrea Massarani, “Renzo Massarani, l’uomo,” in Incontro commemorative del centenario della nascita di Renzo Massarani (Milan, 1998).

  126. 126.

    Nino Sonzogno was the director of the first performance of Massarani’s ballet Boè in 1937.

  127. 127.

    See Francesco Cassata, Molti sani e forti. L’eugenetica in Italia (Turin: Bollati Boringheri, 2006), 188-211; Maria Sophia Quine, “Racial ‘Sterility’ and ‘hyperfecundity’ in Fascist Italy. The Biological Politics of Sex and Reproduction,” in Fascism: Journal of comparative fascist studies 1, no. 2 (2012): 92–144; Pasquale Martino ed., Razza Fascista. Nicola Pende fra scienza e ideologia eugenetica (Bari: Radici Furture, 2017).

  128. 128.

    See Elena Mazzini, “Come ricordare il 1938. La stampa ebraica italiana e la memoria delle leggi razziali (1948-1968),” in Ventunesimo Secolo 7, no. 17, A settant’anni dalle leggi razziali (Ottobre 2008): 24. On participation in the protest see Andrea Massarani, “Renzo Massarani, l’uomo.”

  129. 129.

    Andrea Massarani, “Renzo Massarani, l’uomo.”

Bibliography

  • Beaumont, Joan, Ilma Martinuzzi O’Brien, and Mathew Trinca, eds. Under suspicion: citizenship and internment in Australia during the Second Wolrd War. Canberra, A.C.T., National Museum of Australian Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettini, Maurizio. “Exilum.” Parolechiave, no. 41 (2009): 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, Richard, and Romano Ugolini. War, Internment and Mass Migration. The Italo-Australian Experience 1940–1990. Rome: Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brighenti, Lucia. La società dei concerti di Parma. Parma: Silva Editore, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campagnano, Anna Rosa. In difesa della razza: os judeus italianos refugiados do fascismo e o antissemitismo do governo Vargas, 1938-1945. São Paulo: EDUSP- FAPESP, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camurri, Renato. “Introduzione.” In Gaetano Salvemini Lettere Americane 1927–1949, edited by Renato Camurri, preface by Paolo Marzotto, XXI-LXXVII. Rome: Donzelli editore, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Introduzione.” Memoria e Ricerca, no. 31 (May/August 2009): 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capristo, Annalisa. Gather What You Can and Flee: Jewish Intellectual Emigration from Fascist Italy. Translated by Peter Rothstein. New York: CPL Editions, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Fonti per lo studio della persecuzione antiebraica fascista nel settore musicale.” In Scripta sonant: Contributi sul patrimonio musicale italiano, edited by Annalisa Bini, Tiziana Grande, and Federica Riva, 365–381. Milan: IAML Italia, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casella, Alfredo. 21+26. Edited by Alessandra Carlotta Pellegrini. Florence: Olschki, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassata, Francesco. Molti sani e forti. L’eugenetica in Italia. Turin: Bollati Boringheri, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario. Una vita di musica: Un libro di ricordi, edited by James Westby, introduction by Mila De Santis, editing by Ulla Casalini. Fiesole: Cadmo, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collotti, Enzo, ed. Ebrei in Toscana tra occupazione tedesca e RSI: persecuzione, depredazione, deportazione (1943-1945). Rome: Carocci, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coser, Lewis. Refugee Scholars in America: Their Impact and Their Experience. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Angelis, Alberto. Dizionario dei musicisti. Appendice alla seconda edizione. Rome: Ausonia, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Terza, Dante. Da Vienna a Baltimora: La diaspora degli intellettuali europei negli Stati Uniti d’America. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkner, Cate. Enemy-aliens: the internment of Italian migrants in Australia during the Second World War, foreword by James Franklin. Bacchus Marsh, Vic: Connor Court Publishing, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, Allan. Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabre, Giorgio. L’elenco. Censura fascista, editoria e autori ebrei. Turin: Silvio Zamorani editore, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, Donald, and Bernard Bailyn, eds. The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa, Vittorio. Lettere dalla giovinezza. Dal carcere 1935–1943, edited by Federica Montevecchi. Turin: Einaudi, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogarollo Edda. Note Scordate: Tre musicisti ebrei nella tempesta delle leggi razziali. Leghorn: Sillabe, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilardino, Angelo. Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Un fiorentino a Beverly Hills. Milan: Edizioni Curci-CIDIM, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardi, Enrico. “Su Renzo Massarani.” In La musica a Milano in Lombardia e oltre. Volume secondo, edited by Sergio Martinotti, 399–411. Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaros, Maria. “‘Sometimes a little injustice must be suffered for the public good’. How the National Security (Aliens Control) Regulations 1939 (Cth) affected the lives of German, Italian, Japanese and Australian born women living in Australia during the Second World War.” PhD Thesis, University Western Australia, 2012. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A14497.

  • Groppo, Bruno. “Exilés, réfugies, émigres, immigrés: Problèmes de definition.” Exilés et rifugiés politiques aux Etat-Unis 1789-2000, edited by C. Collomp-M. Menéndez, 19–30. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, H. Stuart. The Sea Change: The Migration of Social Thought, 1930-1965. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino, Pasquale, ed. Razza Fascista. Nicola Pende fra scienza e ideologia eugenetica. Bari: Radici Furture, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massarani, Andrea. “Esilio in Brasile M Renzo Massarani.” In Incontro commemorative del centenario della nascita di Renzo Massarani. Milan, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Renzo Massarani, l’uomo.” In Incontro commemorative del centenario della nascita di Renzo Massarani. Milan, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzini, Elena. “Come ricordare il 1938. La stampa ebraica italiana e la memoria delle leggi razziali (1948-1968).” Ventunesimo Secolo 7, no. 17: 24. Ottobre 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modestini, Dianne Dwyer. Masterpieces. Based on a manuscript by Mario Modestini. Florence: Cadmo, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagnana, Marcello. “I rifugiati ebrei italiani in Australia e il movimento antifascista “Italia Libera” (1942-1946).” Notiziario dell’Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Cuneo e Provincia 31 (June 1987): 5-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Franz. “The Social Sciences.” In The Cultural Migration: The European Scholar in America, edited by W. R. Crawford, 16-17. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmier, Jean-Michel. Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America. London: Verso Books, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papalia, Gerardo. “The Italian “Fifth Column” in Australia: Fascist Propaganda, Italian-Australians and Internment.” Australian Journal of Politics & History 66, no. 2 (June 2020): 214-231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pazzi, Sandro. La donazione dimenticata. L’incredibile vicenda della collezione Contini Bonacossi. Milan: Electa, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekelis, Carla. My Version of the Facts. St. Evanston: Marlboro Press, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccardi, Carlo. “Renzo Massarani, popolare e modern.” In Affetti musicali, Studi in onore di S. Martinotti, edited by Maurizio Padoan, 361-379. Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “La parabola di Renzo Massarani, compositore ebreo all’ombra del fascismo,” in Music and Dictatorship in Europe and Latin America, edited by Roberto Illiano, and Massimiliano Sala, 171-331. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picciotto, Liliana. Il libro della memoria. Gli ebrei deportati dall’Italia (1943-1945). Milan: Mursia, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quine, Maria Sophia. “Racial ‘Sterility’ and ‘hyperfecundity’ in Fascist Italy. The Biological Politics of Sex and Reproduction.” Fascism: Journal of comparative fascist studies 1, no. 2 (2012): 92-144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci, Franco Carlo. Vittorio Rieti. Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, Eugenia S. “Art News–from Colleges and Elsewhere,” Art Journal 32, no. 1 (Autumn, 1972): 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutland, Suzanne D. The Jews in Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, Harvey. Music in Fascist Italy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Toscanini, Musician of Conscience. New York: Liveright, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarfatti, Michele, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy: From Equality to Persecution. Translated by John and Anne C. Tedeschi. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Kay. War on the Homefront: State intervention in Queensland 1938-1948. Queensland, St. Lucia: University Queensland Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidl, Carlo. Dizionario universale dei musicisti. Appendice–aggiunte e retifiche al primo e secondo volume. Milan: Sonzogno, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timms, Edward and John Hughes. Intellectual Migration and Cultural Transformation: Refugees from National Socialism in the English-Speaking World. New York: Springer, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffali, Eva. “Alessandro Contini-Bonacossi tra le due guerre: Kress e gli altri. Novità dagli archivi fiorentini e romani (1929-1939).” Gazzetta antiquaria. Associazione antiquari d’Italia, 2016. https://www.antiquariditalia.it/download/file/144

  • Tosco, Amedeo. “Features of early ethnic Italo-Australian newspapers: a case study of L’Italo-Australiano (1885).” Australian Journalism Monographs 7, (2005): 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Origini e primi sviluppi della stampa italiana in Australia: il caso dell’Italo-Australiano (1885).” Altreitalie, no. 34 (2007): 39–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trento, Angelo. “Il Fanfulla di San Paolo e la stampa italiana in Brasile dal nazionalismo al fascismo.” In Anais do V Seminário da Imigração Italiana em Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 4-5 nov. 2009. https://www.ponteentreculturas.com.br/revista/fanfulla.pdf

  • Tucci Carneiro, Maria Luiza. Citoyens du monde: Le Brésil face à l’Holocauste et aux réfugiés juifs (1933-1948). Translated from Portuguese by Marie Jo Ferreira. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vergani, Guido and Leonardo and Maria Signorelli. Podrecca e il teatro dei Piccoli. Udine: Casamassima, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veroli, Paola, and Giuseppina Volpicelli, eds. La fabbrica dei sogni. Bologna: Edizioni Bora, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaninelli, Fulvia. “Alessandro Contini Bonacossi, Antiquario (1878-1955) The Art Market and Cultural Philanthropy in the formation of American Museums.” PhD thesis, the University of Edinburg, 2018. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/31510.

  • Zuliani, Vanni. Vittorio Podrecca ed il “Teatro dei Piccoli. Udine: 1980.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Independent Researcher, Trieste, Italy

    Alessandro Carrieri

Authors
  1. Alessandro Carrieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alessandro Carrieri .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Independent Researcher, Trieste, Italy

    Alessandro Carrieri

  2. Center for American Studies, Rome, Italy

    Annalisa Capristo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carrieri, A. (2021). Music in Transit: The Exile of Italian Jewish Musicians from Fascist Italy. In: Carrieri, A., Capristo, A. (eds) Italian Jewish Musicians and Composers under Fascism. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52931-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52931-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52930-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52931-4

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation