Abstract
Over the past decade, manifestations of social discontent against the impacts of tourism on urban spaces have been on the rise in many tourist cities, pointing to an increasing politicisation “from below” of what had been a non- or minor issue in urban political struggles (Novy and Colomb 2016, 2019). While tourism generates wealth, its negative impacts and adverse side effects have been increasingly problematised and contested. The chapter first discusses what major (new) trends and factors can potentially explain this discontent. It then offers a preliminary typology of the social mobilisations and forms of collective action which have emerged around the impacts of the visitor economy on urban spaces and dwellers, in European cities and beyond. It concludes by outlining the public policy responses to these developments and by sketching directions for a cross-disciplinary, comparative research agenda on the topic.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The neologism turismofobia was reportedly coined in 2007 by Spanish tourism scholar Antonio Donaire, who criticised the rise of “anti-tourism” sentiments in social, media and academic circles in Spain (Yanes 2017). In parallel, the concept of “touristofobia” was also used by urban anthropologist Manuel Delgado in an opinion piece in the Spanish newspaper El País in 2008. Those terms have since been increasingly used in the media in various languages (Milano 2017).
- 2.
We use the expression “visitor economy” to refer to the fact that it is not just traditional “leisure tourists” who visit cities, but all sorts of visitors “making a visit to a main destination outside his/her usual environment for less than a year for any main purpose [including] holidays, leisure and recreation, business, health, education or other purposes” (IRTS 2008, quoted in: ONS 2012).
- 3.
In non-urban environments such as coastal areas, islands, natural and cultural heritage sites, conflicts around the environmental, cultural and social equity impacts of the visitor economy on local communities had attracted academic attention much earlier, since the 1970s (e.g. Boissevain 1996).
- 4.
The link between tourism and gentrification (both residential and commercial) is complex. Tourism is often one of many factors that fuel changes in urban residential markets and provoke displacement and dispossession, alongside rent deregulations, changes in housing tenures (e.g. decline in social housing), socio-demographic changes as well as private- or public sector-led regeneration projects. This raises methodological and empirical challenges in distinguishing between the specific impacts of tourism and the impacts of other dynamics shaping urban and neighbourhood change.
- 5.
One could question whether these developments are more applicable to some geographical contexts than others, as existing analyses of the shift towards leisure, consumption and tourism in (Anglophone) urban political economy are overwhelmingly rooted in the experience of large European and North American cities. Yet there are increasingly less national and local governments which do not aspire to develop tourism in some way. In Central and Latin America, local and national governments began as early as the late 1970s to encourage the redevelopment of historic city centres for tourism consumption, a process which has been reinforced over the past two decades (Janoschka et al. 2014). Strategies of consumption-driven economic development have also been adopted in a number of globalizing cities, such as Dubai (Elsheshtawy 2009), Singapore and other large cities in South-East Asia (Chang 1997; Luger 2016).
- 6.
To the authors’ knowledge, there is to date no international comparative review published in the languages we reviewed (English, Spanish, German and French) on the diverse social mobilisations that have emerged in response to tourism’s ascendancy in cities. The empirical materials from which we have built the typology are derived from three sources: first, the in-depth literature review and editorial work done jointly by both authors to bring to fruition an edited book which explores the diversity of struggles, social conflicts and mobilisations around urban tourism (Colomb and Novy 2016), with contributions from sociologists, geographers, anthropologists, political scientists, planners and architects, covering more than 16 cities in Europe, North America, South America and Asia. The book did not include a comparative, cross-cutting analysis of all the cases covered in it: this was subsequently developed after its publication to produce the typology presented in this chapter. This was complemented by additional case-study materials from ongoing research carried out by the first author (Claire Colomb) on the politicisation and conflicts surrounding the proliferation of short-term holiday rentals in more than ten European cities (in collaboration with Thomas Aguilera, Francesca Artioli and Tatiana Moreira de Souza), and on social mobilisations around tourism in Barcelona, and from research carried out by the second author (Johannes Novy) on the contested role of tourism in local politics, urban development and planning in European and North American cities.
- 7.
An interesting counter-example worth mentioning here is that in some of the European and North-American cities where vocal coalitions of grassroots initiatives have emerged against the adverse impacts of mass tourism – and have been accused of intolerance against visitors and “strangers” – many of the individual activists and organisations involved come from Left-wing social movements or political traditions which have been defending the welcoming of migrants and refugees in their city (e.g. in San Francisco, Berlin or Barcelona).
- 8.
This corresponds to the responses recently articulated by some tourism industry players who have taken notice of the challenges and conflicts which too much tourism creates. The 2017 UNWTO & WTM Ministers’ Summit was, for example dedicated to the issue of “overtourism”. From the perspective of those actors, growth is, as Taleb Rifai (UNWTO 2017) put it at the above-mentioned summit, “not the enemy; it’s how we manage it that counts”. “Over-tourism” is reduced to a problem of lack of management and regulation (see the symbolic measures taken in 2018 by the municipal government of Venice to contain mass tourism flows through access gates channelling pedestrian flows to key sites, Brunton 2018). The fact that all destinations have a maximum carrying capacity in terms of infrastructure and resources is left out from the discussion.
- 9.
Interesting issues of “positionality” and “research ethics” arise: as researchers are also tourists in their free time and “temporary city users” when doing field work in locations other than their own place of residence, they too contribute to the processes at play in tourist cities (e.g. by renting an Airbnb apartment). But researchers are also sometimes urban activists who are engaged in collective mobilisations around the contentious issues evoked here, which raises the potential for creative and helpful forms of participatory action research or scholarly activism.
References
Aalbers M (2016) The financialization of housing. A political economy approach. Routledge, London
Aguilera T, Artioli F, Colomb C (2019) Explaining the diversity of policy responses to platform-mediated short-term rentals in European cities: a comparison of Barcelona, Paris and Milan. Environ Plan A:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19862286
Ajuntament de Barcelona (2017) Turisme 2020 Barcelona. Una estratègia col·lectiva per un turisme sostenible. Direcció de Turisme, Barcelona
Andretta M, Piazza G, Subirats A (2015) Urban dynamics and social movements. In: Della PD, Diani M (eds) The Oxford handbook of social movements. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 200–218
Arias-Sans A, Russo AP (2016) The right to Gaudí. What can we learn from the commoning of Park Güell, Barcelona? In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 247–263
Arkaraprasertkul N (2016) The abrupt rise (and fall) of creative entrepreneurs: socio-economic change, the visitor economy and social conflict in a traditional neighbourhood of Shanghai. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 282–301
Barron K, Kung E, Proserpio D (2017) The sharing economy and housing affordability: evidence from Airbnb, SSRN scholarly paper ID 3006832. Social Science Research Network, Rochester. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3006832
Bayat A (2013) Life as politics: how ordinary people change the Middle East. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Becker E (2015, July 17) The revolt against tourism. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/opinion/sunday/the-revolt-against-tourism.html
Bell D (2008) Destination drinking: toward a research agenda on alcotourism. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 15(3):291–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630801934089
Bereskin E (2016) Tourism provision as protest in “post-conflict” Belfast. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 152–170
Bock K (2015) The changing nature of city tourism and its possible implications for the future of cities. Eur J Futures Res 3(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-015-0078-5
Boissevain J (ed) (1996) Coping with tourists: European reactions to mass tourism. Berghahn Books, New York
Brenner N, Theodore N (2002) Cities and the geographies of “actually existing of neoliberalism”. Antipode 34(3):349–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00246
Brenner N, Marcuse P, Mayer M (eds) (2012) Cities for people, not for profit. Routledge, London
Broudehoux AM (2016) Favela tourism: negotiating visitors, socio-economic benefits, image and representation in pre-Olympics Rio de Janeiro. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 191–209
Brunton J (2018, May 1) Venice poised to segregate tourists as city braces itself for May Day “invasion”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/may/01/venice-to-segregate-tourists-in-may-day-overcrowding
Capanema Alvares L, Mol Bessa AS, Pinto Barbosa T, Machado de Castro Simão K (2016) Attracting international tourism through mega-events and the birth of a conflict culture in Belo Horizonte. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 227–246
Chang TC (1997) From “Instant Asia” to “Multi-faceted jewel”: urban imaging strategies and tourism development in Singapore. Urban Geogr 18(6):542–562. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.18.6.542
Cócola Gant A (2016a) Apartamentos turísticos, hoteles y desplazamiento de población. www.agustincocolagant.net
Cócola Gant A (2016b) Holiday rentals: the new gentrification battlefront. Sociol Res Online 21(3):112–120. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/21/3/10.html
Cócola Gant A (2018) Tourism gentrification. In: Lees L, Phillips M (eds) Handbook of gentrification studies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp 281–293
Coldwell W (2017, August 10) First Venice and Barcelona: now anti-tourism marches spread across Europe. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/aug/10/anti-tourism-marches-spread-across-europe-venice-barcelona
Colomb C, Novy J (eds) (2016) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London
Dredge D, Gyimóthy S (2015) The collaborative economy and tourism: critical perspectives, questionable claims and silenced voices. Tour Recreat Res 40(3):286–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1086076
Dumbrovská V (2017) Urban tourism development in Prague: from tourist mecca to tourist ghetto. In: Bellini N, Pasquinelli C (eds) Tourism in the city. Towards an integrative agenda on urban tourism. Springer, Cham, pp 275–283
Eizaguirre S, Pradel-Miquel M, García M (2017) Citizenship practices and democratic governance: “Barcelona en Comú” as an urban citizenship confluence promoting a new policy agenda. Citizsh Stud 21(4):425–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1307609
Elsheshtawy Y (2009) Dubai: behind an urban spectacle. Routledge, London
Fainstein S, Hoffman L, Judd D (2003) Introduction. In: Hoffman L, Fainstein S, Judd D (eds) Cities and visitors: regulating people, markets, and city space. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 1–20
Fernández Medrano H, Pardo Rivacoba D (2017) La lucha por el decrecimiento turístico: El caso de Barcelona. Ecología Política, 52. http://www.ecologiapolitica.info/novaweb2/?p=6808
Fraeser N (2016) “Fantasies of antithesis”: assessing Hamburg’s Gängeviertel as a tourist attraction. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 320–339
Frenzel F, Koens K, Steinbrink M (eds) (2012) Slum tourism: poverty, power and ethics. Routledge, London
Garau-Vadell JB, Gutierrez-Taño D, Diaz-Armas R (2018) Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. J Destin Mark Manag 7(March):68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.008
Garrett D (2016) Contesting China’s tourism wave. Identity politics, protest, and the rise of the Hongkonger city state movement. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 107–128
Goodwin H (2017) The challenge of Overtourism. Responsible tourism partnership working paper 4. http://responsibletourismpartnership.org/overtourism/
Gotham KF (2005a) Tourism gentrification: The case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carré (French Quarter). Urban Stud 42(7):1099–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500120881
Gotham KF (2005b) Tourism from above and below: globalization, localization and New Orleans’s Mardi Gras. Int J Urban Reg Res 29(2):309–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00586.x
Gravari-Barbas M, Guinand S (eds) (2017) Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises. International perspectives. Routledge, London
Gravari-Barbas M, Jacquot S (2016) No conflict? Discourses and management of tourism-related tensions in Paris. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 31–51
Gurran N, Phibbs P (2017) When tourists move in: how should urban planners respond to Airbnb? J Am Plan Assoc 83(1):80–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249011
Guttentag D (2015) Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Curr Issue Tour 18(12):1192–1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827159
Hall CM, Jenkins JM (2004) Tourism, politics and public policy. In: Lew AA, Hall CM, Williams AM (eds) A companion to tourism. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 525–540
Hannam K (2009) The end of tourism? Nomadology and the mobilities paradigm. In: Tribe J (ed) Philosophical issues in tourism. Channel View, Clevedon, pp 101–114
Hannam K, Butler G, Paris CM (2014) Developments and key issues in tourism mobilities. Ann Tour Res 44(1):171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.09.010
Harvey D (1989) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geogr Ann 71B:3–17
Harvey D (2012) Rebel cities. Verso Books, London
Hughes N (2018) “Tourists go home”: anti-tourism industry protest in Barcelona. Soc Mov Stud 17(4):471–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1468244
Ioannides D, Leventis P, Petridou E (2016) Urban resistance tourism initiatives in stressed cities: the case of Athens. In: Russo AP, Richards G (eds) Reinventing the local in tourism: producing, consuming, and negotiating place. Channel View, Bristol, pp 229–250
Janoschka M, Sequera J, Salinas L (2014) Gentrification in Spain and Latin America – a critical dialogue. Int J Urban Reg Res 38(4):1234–1265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12030
Judd D, Fainstein S (eds) (1999) The tourist city. Yale University Press, New Haven
Kızıldere D, Günay Z (2016) Hate gentrification, Love the Gentrifier: conservative resistance in Tophane. Paper presented at the RC21 Annual conference, Mexico City, Mexico, July 2016. http://rc21-mexico16.colmex.mx/images/abstracts/stream19/stream19-panel1-kizildere.pdf
Klein RA, Sitter KC (2016) Troubled seas: the politics of activism related to the cruise industry. Tour Mar Environ 11(2–3):146–158. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427315X14513374773526
Koehler B, Wissen M (2003) Glocalizing protest: urban conflicts and global social movements. Int J Urban Reg Res 27(4):942–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2003.00493.x
Larsen J (2008) De-exoticizing tourist travel: everyday life and sociality on the move. Leis Stud 27(1):21–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360701198030
Lauermann J (2016) Politics as early as possible: democratising Olympics by contesting Olympic bids. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 210–226
Lederman J (2016) Of artisans, antique dealers, and ambulant vendors: culturally stratified conflicts. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 264–281
Lefebvre H (1996) The right to the city. In: Kofman E, Lebas E. (eds. and trans.), Writing on cities. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 63–181. (Originally published as Le droit à la ville, 1968. Paris: Anthropos)
Leitner H, Peck J, Sheppard E (eds) (2006) Contesting neoliberalism. Guilford Press, New York
Luger JD (2016) The living vs. the dead in Singapore: contesting the authoritarian tourist city. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 302–319
Maitland R (2010) Everyday life as a creative experience in cities. Int J Cult Tour Hosp Res 4(3):176–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011067574
Maitland R, Newman P (eds) (2009) World tourism cities: developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge, London
Mayer M (2009) The “Right to the City” in the context of shifting mottos of urban social movements. City 13(2):362–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810902982755
Mayer M (2013) First world urban activism. Beyond austerity urbanism and creative city politics. City 17(1):5–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2013.757417
Mayer M, Thörn C, Thörn H (2017) Urban uprisings. Challenging neoliberal urbanism in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndsmills
McCabe S (2005) “Who is a tourist?” a critical review. Tour Stud 5(1):85–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797605062716
Mendes L (2018) Tourism gentrification in Lisbon: the panacea of touristification as a scenario of a post-capitalist crisis. In: David I (ed) Crisis, austerity and transformation: how disciplinary neoliberalism is changing Portugal. Lexington, London, pp 25–46
Milano C (2017) Overtourism y Turismofobia: Tendencias globales y contextos locales/Overtourism and Tourismphobia: global trends and local contexts. Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality, Barcelona
Miller B, Nicholls W (2013) Social movements in urban society: the city as a space of politicization. Urban Geogr 34(4):452–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2013.786904
Morar em Lisboa (2017) To build a Lisbon for all! Open letter to the government, deputies, the Lisbon City Hall and citizens. http://moraremlisboa.org/open-letter-living-in-lisbon/
Nel·lo O (2015) La ciudad en movimiento. Crisis social y respuesta ciudadana. Díaz & Pons, Madrid
Nicholls WJ (2008) The urban question revisited: the importance of cities for social movements. Int J Urban Reg Res 32(4):841–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00820.x
Nofre J, Giordano E, Eldridge A, Martins JC, Sequera J (2018) Tourism, nightlife and planning: challenges and opportunities for community liveability in La Barceloneta. Tour Geogr 20(3):377–396
Novy J (2011) Kreuzberg’s multi- and intercultural realities. Are they assets? In: Aytar V, Rath J (eds) Gateways to the urban economy: ethnic neighborhoods as places of leisure and consumption. Routledge, London, pp 68–85
Novy J (2016) The selling (out) of Berlin and the de- and re-politicization of urban tourism in Europe’s “Capital of Cool”. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 52–72
Novy J (2019) Urban tourism as a bone of contention: four explanatory hypotheses and a caveat. Int J Tour Cities 5(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-01-2018-0011
Novy J, Colomb C (2016) Urban tourism and its discontents: an introduction. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 1–30
Novy J, Colomb C (2019) Urban tourism as a source of contention and social mobilisations: a critical review. Tour Plann Dev 16(4):358–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1577293
O’Leary N (2018, August 4) Sex, drugs and puke: partygoers turn Amsterdam into an ‘urban jungle’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/amsterdam-british-tourists-overwhelmed-bad-behaviour
ONS – UK Office for National Statistics (2012) Economic value of tourism: guidance note 1: definitions of tourism (Version 2, 2012). https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/satelliteaccounts/methodologies/economicvalueoftourismguidancenote1definitionsoftourismversion22012
Opillard F (2015) Resisting the politics of displacement in the San Francisco Bay Area: anti-gentrification activism in the Tech Boom 2.0. Eur J Am Stud 10(3). https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.11322
Opillard F (2016) From San Francisco’s “Tech Boom 2.0” to Valparaíso’s UNESCO World Heritage Site: resistance to tourism gentrification in a comparative political perspective. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 129–151
Owens L (2008) From tourists to anti-tourists to tourist attractions: the transformation of the Amsterdam squatters’ movement. Soc Mov Stud 7(1):43–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742830801969340
Peters D (2016) Density wars in Silicon Beach: the struggle to mix new spaces for toil, stay and play in Santa Monica, California. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 90–106
Pinkster FM, Boterman WR (2017) When the spell is broken: gentrification, urban tourism and privileged discontent in the Amsterdam canal district. Cult Geogr 24(3):457–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474017706176
Pixová M, Sládek J (2016) Touristification and awakening civil society in post-socialist Prague. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 73–89
Richter LK (1989) The politics of tourism in Asia. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
Rowen I (2016) The geopolitics of tourism: mobilities, territory, and protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 106(2):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113115
Russo AP, Scarnato A (2018) “Barcelona in common”: a new urban regime for the 21st-century tourist city? J Urban Aff 40(4):455–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
Sánchez F, Broudehoux AM (2013) Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency. Int J Urban Sustain Dev 5(2):132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450
Schäfer P, Hirsch J (2017) Do urban tourism hotspots affect Berlin housing rents? Int J Hous Mark Anal 10(2):231–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-05-2016-0031
Selby M (2004) Understanding urban tourism: image, culture and experience. IB Tauris, London
Shaw S, Bagwell S, Karmowska J (2004) Ethnoscapes as spectacle: reimaging multicultural districts as new destinations for leisure and tourism consumption. Urban Stud 41(10):1983–2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000256341
Smith MK, Egedy T, Csizmady A, Jancsik A, Olt G, Michalkó G (2018) Non-planning and tourism consumption in Budapest’s inner city. Tour Geogr 20(3):524–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1387809
Spirou C (2011) Urban tourism and urban change: cities in a global economy. Routledge, London
Swyngedouw E (2015) Urban Insurgencies and the re-politicization of the unequal city. In: Miraftab F, Wilson D, Salo K (eds) Cities and inequalities in a global and neoliberal world. Routledge, New York, pp 173–187
Uitermark J, Nicholls W, Loopmans M (2012) Cities and social movements: theorizing beyond the right to the city. Environ Plan A 44(11):2546–2554. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44301
UNWTO UN World Tourism Organization (2010) Cruise tourism. Current situation and trends. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/9789284413645
UNWTO UN World Tourism Organization (2017) Communities’ protests over tourism, a wake-up call to the sector. Press release 17120. www.media.unwto.org/press-release/2017-11-08/communities-protests-over-tourism-wake-call-sector
Uriely N (2005) The tourist experience: conceptual developments. Ann Tour Res 32(1):199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.008
Van der Borg J, Costa P, Gotti G (1996) Tourism in European heritage cities. Ann Tour Res 23(2):306–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00065-8
Vianello M (2016) The “No Grandi Navi” campaign. Protests against cruise tourism in Venice. In: Colomb C, Novy J (eds) Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge, London, pp 171–190
Wachsmuth D, Kerrigan D, Chaney D, Shillolo A (2017) Short-term cities: Airbnb’s impact on Canadian housing markets. McGill University: School of Urban Planning, Montreal
Yanes S (2017, August 15) Operación turismofobia. Cinco Días - El País Economía. https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2017/08/14/companias/1502723297_610226.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Colomb, C., Novy, J. (2021). Making Sense of (New) Social Mobilisations, Conflicts and Contention in the Tourist City: A Typology. In: Fregolent, L., Nel·lo, O. (eds) Social Movements and Public Policies in Southern European Cities. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52754-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52754-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52753-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52754-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)