Reviving a Battered Court and Monarchy

Persson, Fabian

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52647-4_2

Fabian Persson⁶

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy ((PSMM))

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Abstract

When old King Frederick lay dying in March 1751, the power he had exercised for thirty years began to slip from his fingers. Only three months earlier, the ailing king had tried to wield his influence in an ecclesiastical appointment. The Council disregarded him and appointed another candidate. Now his end was approaching, and when two councillors visited the king to talk about appointments, he refused to listen. Even so, a week later, he declared that he wanted chivalric orders for two favoured men. Two days later, King Frederick suffered from a violent fever and dizziness. His condition continued to decline and it was discovered that his right leg was developing gangrene. Surgery was attempted without any improvement. The time for clashes over appointments and decorations was over.

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Notes

1.
Weibull (1874, 92).
2.
Kungliga biblioteket (National Library of Sweden), Stockholm (KB) Engestr. Osign. 59:5 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1751.
3.
KB Engestr. Osign. 59:4 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1750.
4.
KB Engestr. Osign. 59:5 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1751.
5.
Which was put to an election in the Council and agreed.
6.
Fryxell (1868, xxxviii. 210).
7.
KB Engestr. Osign. 59:5 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1751.
8.
KB Engestr. Osign. 59:5 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1751.
9.
Fryxell (1868, xxxviii. 210–1).
10.
Klinckowström (1868, ii. 25–7).
11.
Klinckowström (1868, ii. 26).
12.
Olof von Dalin to Ulrik Gyldenstolpe in 1742, in Carlsson (1981, 93).
13.
NA SP95/36, Stephen Poyntz, Stockholm 3 February 1725.
14.
Thanner (1953, 291).
15.
Edler (1915, 37–39).
16.
Levisson (1844, 291).
17.
Constitution 1720 § 13, in Hildebrand (1891).
18.
Constitution 1720 § 12, in Hildebrand (1891).
19.
Malmström (1893, i. 194).
20.
Linnarsson (1943).
21.
Constitution 1720 § 4, in Hildebrand (1891).
22.
Constitution 1720 § 11, in Hildebrand (1891).
23.
Constitution 1720 § 14, in Hildebrand (1891).
24.
Ehrenheim (1819, 23–24). Carl Gustaf Tessin on the 1723 Diet.
25.
Torell (1876, 8–9).
26.
Malmström (1893, i. 246).
27.
Ström (1967, 22).
28.
Banér in the debate about the 1719 Constitution (Linnarsson 1943, 16).
29.
Constitution 1720 § 40, in Hildebrand (1891).
30.
According to rules added in 1739 (Edler 1915, 31).
31.
Elmroth (1962, 75).
32.
Ibid., 87.
33.
Malmström (1893, i. 243).
34.
Elmroth (1962, 48).
35.
For an overview of the Swedish court under preceding monarchs, see Persson (1999).
36.
KB L 82:1:4 Åkerödagbok fol. 615, 31 May 1758.
37.
Ulrika Eleonora to Nicodemus Tessin, 7 July 1722 Medevi. Printed in Crusenstolpe (1837, i. 24–6).
38.
Nicodemus Tessin to Ulrika Eleonora, 11 July 1722 Stockholm. Printed in Crusenstolpe (1837, i. 25).
39.
Slottsarkivet (Royal Palace Archive), Stockholm (SLA) Hovkontoret Brevbok 1719, Ulrika Eleonora to Nikodemus Tessin, Stockholm 2 May 1719.
40.
SLA Hovkontoret Brevbok 1719, Nicolaus von Bleichertz to Ulrika Eleonora, [1719].
41.
SLA Hovkontoret Brevbok 1719, Ulrika Eleonora to Nikodemus Tessin, Stockholm 2 May 1719.
42.
The others were the Count’s mother, the Princess Palatine Catherine, and the Queen’s much-disliked nephew Charles Frederick of Holstein.
43.
Smith (2006, 67).
44.
‘Kort Berättelse om Erik Wrangels usle lefnad, uppsatt af honom sjelf’, printed in Geijer (1843, 309–10); KB L 82:1:5 Åkerödagbok 19 October 1758, Nicodemus Tessin to Casten Feif, 5 February 1715, copy.
45.
Ibid.
46.
KB Ep.T.4 Nicodemus Tessin to Salomon Cronhielm, Stockholm 22 February 1716, copy.
47.
Erik Sparre, G. A. Taube, C. G. Dücker, and Axel Banér. Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt died in Russian captivity in 1719 before he could resume office.
48.
Hans Taube and Johan Gabriel Sack.
49.
Councillor Henning Rudolf Horn’s children were in Russian captivity. The eight were Sven Leijonstedt (whose son Carl Jakob was a Chamber Gentleman in 1719), Hans Henrik Liewen (son Hans Henrik, Court Gentleman in 1720; later, one daughter a Maid of Honour and one son in the Guards), Salomon Cronhielm (son Axel in the Drabant Corps and in the Stables), Johan Creutz (son Svante in the Guards and Chamber Gentleman 1722), Claes Bonde (sons Carl and Gustaf, Court Gentlemen in 1719), Claes Ekeblad (son Claes, Chamber Gentleman in 1731), Claes Sparre (son Carl Hans, Chamber Gentleman; son Erik Arvid, Chamber Gentleman 1731; son Rutger Axel, Chamber Gentleman 1737), and Magnus Julius De la Gardie (children too young but later served at court). The ninth was Johan Lillienstedt.
50.
Sven Lagerberg (Adam Otto, Court Gentleman 1742), Josias Cederhielm (Carl Vilhelm, referred to as Chamber Gentleman).
51.
Olof Törnflycht (son Carl Fredrik, Chamber Gentleman 1731), Gustaf Bonde (Carl, Chamber Gentleman 1731; Sigrid, Maid of Honour 1733; Tord, Chamber Gentleman 1744; Carl the younger, Chamber Gentleman 1757), Nils Gyllenstierna (Göran Court Gentleman 1742), Johan Carl Strömfelt (Ulrika Eleonora, Maid of Honour 1739; Anna Margareta, Maid of Honour; Carl Johan, Ensign in the Guards 1743), Joakim von Düben (Ulrika Eleonora, Maid of Honour 1748; Carl Vilhelm, Court Gentleman 1743; Joakim, Court Gentleman 1758), Ture Gabriel Bielke (Nils Adam, Chamber Gentleman 1738; Axel, Chamber Gentleman 1738), Samuel Barck (Carl Gustaf, Court Gentleman 1726; Nils, Chamber Gentleman 1736; Ulrik, Ensign in the Guards 1736), Carl Gustaf Hård (Carl, Ensign in the Guards 1737; Johan Ludvig, Volunteer in the Guards 1731 and Lieutenant in the Drabant Corps 1755), Jakob Cronstedt (Carl Johan, Court Gentleman 1731).
52.
Fredrik Gyllenborg, Svante Creutz, Nils Bielke, Hans Henrik von Liewen, Axel Wilhelm Wachtmeister, Carl Gustaf Cederhielm.
53.
SLA Övre Borgrätten A I:6 21 March 1720.
54.
RA Mikrofilmssamlingen Äldre serien vol. 168 Johan Gabriel Sacks journal 2 July 1733. Chamber Gentleman Törnflycht was singled out for his bad behaviour.
55.
SLA Riksmarskalksämbetet E2:1 Pehr Hård to Nikodemus Tessin [1725].
56.
SLA Riksmarskalksämbetet E2:1 Kitchen Groom Jean Messer to Nikodemus Tessin [1725].
57.
SLA Hovkontoret Brevbok 1719 Carl Gustaf Güntherfelt to Nikodemus Tessin, Moscow 7 May 1719.
58.
SLA Riksmarskalksämbetet 1719–21 B 1:4 fol. 31.
59.
Ibid.
60.
SLA Hovkontoret Brevbok 1719, Her Majesty’s Resolution on the Memorandum of Nikodemus Tessin, 22 June 1719.
61.
Riksarkivet (Swedish National Archives), Stockholm (RA) Allmänna verks skrivelser till kungl. Maj:t vol. 5, Nicodemus Tessin to Charles XII n.d.
62.
Casten Feif to Nicodemus Tessin, Timurtasch 17 July 1713, in Andersson (1859, i. 172–3).
63.
KB L 82:1:13 diary of Carl Gustaf Tessin, 13 August 1761.
64.
SLA Riksmarskalksämbetet E2:3 PM by Johan Gabriel Gyllencrona 25 October 1728.
65.
Petition from the lackeys to Queen Ulrika Eleonora [1719]. RA Allmänna verks skrivelser till K Mt. Överstemarskalken till Kungl. Maj:t vol. 7. A new collective petition from the lackeys was handed in to King Frederick in 1721.
66.
RA Allmänna verks skrivelser till K Mt. Överstemarskalken till Kungl. Maj:t vol. 7 List of carriages 1719 (Förteckning uppå de Wagnar som åhr 1719…).
67.
RA Kungliga arkiv vol. 11 ‘Instruction för kiällarmestaren angående den dagelige utspijsningen’ Stockholm 3 September 1720; RA Kungliga arkiv vol. 11 ‘Instruction hwareffter kongl. Maij:ts kiöksbetiänte widh den dagelige utspijsningen hafwa sigh at rätta’ Stockholm 3 September 1720.
68.
RA Kungliga arkiv vol. 11 Hovartiklar, hovordningar m.m. ‘Reglemente hwarefter kongl. Maijt.z Betiente wid kongl. kiöket hafwa sig at rätta’ 1 October 1720.
69.
Cook Apprentice Carl Olsson sent abroad to Copenhagen with a diplomat in 1734, SLA Riksmarskalkämbetet Diarium vol. 9 (1734) fol. 25.
70.
SLA Övre Borgrätten A I:6 6 November 1719.
71.
Crusenstolpe (1842, 35).
72.
SLA Övre Borgrätten A I:6 4 March 1721.
73.
I am grateful to Helen Whittow for her assistance with this translation.
74.
SLA Övre Borgrätten A I:5 4 March 1720.
75.
SLA Övre Borgrätten A I:8 6 March 1724.
76.
KB Engestr. Osign 59:3 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1749.
77.
Klinckowström (1867, i. 164).
78.
Petry 200, 163; Klemming and Woofenden (1989).
79.
RA Reuterholm-Ädelsgrenska samlingen Axel Reuterholm’s diary vol. 7 9 February 1737.
80.
KB L 82:1:4 Tessin’s diary 1758 fols.792–4.
81.
KB L 82:1:4 Tessin’s diary 1758 fols.792–4.
82.
RA Mikrofilmssamlingen Äldre serien vol. 168, Johan Gabriel Sack’s journal 30 April 1733.
83.
RA Mikrofilmssamlingen Äldre serien vol. 168, Johan Gabriel Sack’s journal 30 April 1733.
84.
Holst (1953, 166).
85.
KB L 82:1:2 Tessin’s diary, 18 August 1757.
86.
RA Mikrofilmssamlingen Äldre serien vol. 168 Johan Gabriel Sacks journal 24 December 1733.
87.
Ström (1967, 23).
88.
Ibid., 33.
89.
Ibid., 65.
90.
Ibid., 66.
91.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 7 March 1722.
92.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 25 November 1720.
93.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 7 March 1722. The woman was Christina Myricia, wife of Johan Windruff, who was made vicar of Bokenäs in 1722.
94.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:2 Kabinettsprotokoll 6 December 1729.
95.
See, for example, when Jacob Serenius was given the living of Kungsbacka, RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:2 Kabinettsprotokoll March 1730.
96.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:3 Kabinettsprotokoll 6 December 1738.
97.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 17 December 1720.
98.
Barthold Råberg in Askersund. He did eventually succeed. RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 25 November 1720.
99.
Hence, for example, Magnus Fredrik Segercrona, who, armed with recommendations from a major general and a county governor, did not get the office, but did receive a letter recommendatory. This went unheeded, however, and eventually he retired from his old position with only a ‘character’ promotion as a retirement sweetener (RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 January 1721).
100.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 September 1720: ‘Es wird wohl am besten und sichersten seyn wenn man bey dem verschlag bleibet’.
101.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 25 November 1720.
102.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 7 March 1722.
103.
Ibid.
104.
The King said in 1720 that cathedral chapters should keep army chaplains out of their shortlists. RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 25 November 1720.
105.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 January 1721; see also RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:2 Kabinettsprotokoll 21 October 1738.
106.
See, for example, Stierneld. RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 17 December 1720.
107.
Arvid Bergenadler was allowed to transfer his office to his son-in-law (RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 25 November 1720); Salomon Alanus succeeded his father as vicar of Sund (RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 January 1721).
108.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 2 June 1720.
109.
Linnarsson (1943, 106).
110.
Klinckowström (1867, i. 181).
111.
Stråle (1889, 105).
112.
Uppsala universitetsbibliotek (Uppsala University Library) (UUB) Nordin 947 Voltemats anekdoter 211v.
113.
Ibid.
114.
KB L 82:1:5 Tessins dagbok 16 August 1758.
115.
UUB Nordin 947 Voltemats anekdoter 211v.
116.
KB Engestr. Osign 59:4 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 9 February 1750; RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 1 a:44 27 June 1750.
117.
KB Engestr. Osign 59:4 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 27 November & 4 December 1750.
118.
See, for example, RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 1 a:44 23 January, 29 January, 30 January, 1 February 1750.
119.
See, for example, the appointment of Fabian Hilleström as vicar (though that would probably have pleased his uncle, Baron Fabian Wrede, who was one of the royal councillors). RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 1 a:44 9 February 1750.
120.
See, for example, Secretary Hummelhielm’s successful application to become county governor. RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 1 a:44 14 February 1750.
121.
KB L 82:1:5 Tessins dagbok 16 August 1758.
122.
Ibid.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Smith (2006, 194), Beattie (1967).
125.
RA Manuskriptsamlingen vol. 40 Mårten Kammecker ‘Sweriges nuwarande stat’ p. 76.
126.
Beattie (1967, 13–16), Bucholz (1993).
127.
Anisimov (2004, 172, 176).
128.
Keegan (2013, 25–6).
129.
Pizzamiglio (2002, 393).
130.
Völkel (2002, 18).
131.
Biskup (2004, 308).
132.
Völkel (2002, 13).
133.
Haslinger (2002, 55).
134.
Nilzén (2006, 163).
135.
RA Mikrofilmssamlingen Äldre serien vol.168 Johan Gabriel Sacks journal 25 November 1725.
136.
RA Reuterholm-Ädelgrenska samlingen vol. 7 Axel Reuterholm diary 24 January 1732.
137.
RA Sprengtportenska samlingen Ulla Sprengtporten Inkomna skrivelser Ulrika Eleonora von Düben to Ulrika Charlotta Taube, Stockholm 11 July 1740.
138.
Axel Reuterholm in his diary 1732.
139.
RA Sprengtportenska samlingen Johan Vilhelm Sprengtporten E 5555 Ulrika Eleonora Düben to Ulrika Taube, Stockholm, 22 July 1741.
140.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 September 1720. Salomon Paulson von Quolten was refused permission to pursue his profession and tour Sweden.
141.
RA Inrikes Civilexpeditionen A 2 a:1 Kabinettsprotokoll 10 September 1720.
142.
Dahlgren (1866, 23).
143.
RA Kungliga arkiv Svenska drottningars arkiv Ulrika Eleonora K 205. Draft by Ulrika Eleonora, 27 January 1739.
144.
Ibid., draft by Ulrika Eleonora, 21 January 1739.
145.
23 January 1739, Nilzén (2006).
146.
1 March 1739, Nilzén (2006).
147.
23 January 1739, Nilzén (2006).
148.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 322), Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 23 January 1753.
149.
Erdmann (1917, iv. 93).
150.
Ibid., iv. 81.
151.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 338), Lovisa Ulrika to August Wilhelm, 3 [?] December 1753 Stockholm.
152.
Persson (2020).
153.
For Lovisa Ulrika, see Persson (2019), Dermineur (2017).
154.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 311), Lovisa Ulrika to August Wilhelm, 15 August 1752 Drottningholm.
155.
Ibid., ii. 321, Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 19 January 1753 Ulriksdal.
156.
Arnheim (1909, i. 44), Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 31 July 1744 Stralsund.
157.
Ibid., i. 44, Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 31 July 1744 Stralsund.
158.
Ibid., i. 358, Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothée, 1 August 1744.
159.
Ibid., i. 190, Lovisa Ulrika to Amalie, 23 April 1745 Stockholm.
160.
KB L 82:1:5 Tessin’s diary 1758, fol. 1618.
161.
KB L 82:1:8 Tessin’s diary 1759, fol. 1760.
162.
KB L 82:1:16 Tessin’s diary, 30 July 1762.
163.
Arnheim (1909, i. 142), Lovisa Ulrika to Amalie, 25 December 1744 Stockholm.
164.
Arnheim (1909, i. 151), Lovisa Ulrika to August Wilhelm, 28 December 1744 Stockholm.
165.
Ibid., i. 192, Lovisa Ulrika to Amalie, 13 April 1745 Stockholm.
166.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 353), Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothee, 30 April 1754 Stockholm.
167.
KB L 82:1:15 Tessin’s diary 21 March 1762.
168.
Arnheim (1909, i. 159), Lovisa Ulrika to Amalie, 12 January 1745 Stockholm.
169.
Arnheim (1909, i. 156–7), Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothee, 8 January 1745 Stockholm.
170.
RA Ceremonialia vol. 2 Reglemente vid nyår 12 December 1727.
171.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 5), Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothee, 13 January 1747 Stockholm.
172.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 154), Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 21 January 1749 Stockholm.
173.
Ibid., ii. 5, Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 10 January 1747 Stockholm.
174.
Ibid., ii. 286, same to same, 8 October 1751 Stockholm.
175.
KB L 82:1:8 Tessin’s diary 1759 fol. 1623.
176.
RA GA Sturnegks samling E 5674 Adam Fredenstiernas ‘Mine dagar’.
177.
Levertin (1901, 11).
178.
UUB Nordin 947 Voltemats anekdoter fol. 210.
179.
Ibid., ii. 354, Lovisa Ulrika to August Wilhelm, 16 May 1754 Stockholm.
180.
Ibid., ii. 357, Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 12 July 1754 Drottningholm.
181.
Arnheim (1909, i. 111–12), same to same, 6 November 1744 Stockholm.
182.
Ibid., i. 310, Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothee, 16 September 1746 Stockholm.
183.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 135), same to same, 6 November 1748 Stockholm; Arnheim (1909, i. 314), same to same, 30 September 1746 Stockholm.
184.
UUB Nordin 947 Voltemats anekdoter (Ulrica Adlersteen) November 1748. 210.
185.
Ibid., i. 312, same to same, 23 September 1746 Stockholm.
186.
Arnheim (1909, i. 314), same to same, 30 September 1746 Stockholm.
187.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 13), same to same, 10 February 1747 Stockholm.
188.
Ibid., i. 325, same to same, 15 November 1746 Stockholm; Arnheim (1909, i. 191), Lovisa Ulrika to Amalie, 23 April 1745 Stockholm.
189.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 319), Lovisa Ulrika to Sophie Dorothee, 12 January 1753 Ulriksdal.
190.
RA Börstorpssamlingen Brev till Carl Leuhusen Carl Axel Leuhusen to Carl Leuhusen, Stockholm 17 July 1758.
191.
Arnheim (1910, ii. 330), Lovisa Ulrika to Frederick the Great, 31 July 1753 Drottningholm.
192.
SLA Hovkontoret, Kungliga brev, Stockholm 8 May 1751.
193.
KB B VII:1.20 Handlingar rörande Claes Ekeblads förvaltning av. överstemarskalksämbetet. Later the keys were apparently kept by their holders and sold; see, for example, an advertisement in Dagligt Allehanda 22 January 1829.
194.
RA GA Sturnegks saming E 5674 Adam Fredenstiernas ‘Mine dagar’.
195.
KB Engestr. Osign 59.10 Claes Ekeblads journal 1756.
196.
KB Engestr. Osign 59.10 Claes Ekeblads journal 1756.
197.
KB Engestr. Osign 59.10 Claes Ekeblads journal 1756.
198.
KB Engestr. Osign 59:7 Claes Ekeblads journal över rådslag 1753.
199.
Hans Henrik Boije. See Silfverstolpe (1887, 330–1).
200.
RA Margaretha Cronstedts samling vol. 3 ‘Egna infall och tankar sammanraspade mig til minnes ifrån 1747. Hans Gustaf Rålamb’ fol. 20v.
201.
RA Margaretha Cronstedts samling vol. 3 ‘Egna infall och tankar sammanraspade mig til minnes ifrån 1747. Hans Gustaf Rålamb’ fols.20v–21.

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Linnaeus University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
Fabian Persson

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Persson, F. (2020). Reviving a Battered Court and Monarchy. In: Survival and Revival in Sweden's Court and Monarchy, 1718–1930. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52647-4_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52647-4_2
Published: 14 November 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52646-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52647-4
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