Views from Turtle Island: Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Mormon Entanglements

Murphy, Thomas W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52616-0_29

Thomas W. Murphy⁴

346 Accesses
2 Citations

Abstract

There is a story that has been told and retold in Indigenous communities. In this oral tradition, Seneca farm hands, acquaintances of Joseph Smith, tutored him on the basics of the Gaiwí:yo, the Word taught by the prophet Handsome Lake. They thought “what the white people need to do is to take the best of their Christian heritage and traditions and stuff that come out of their European ways and mix it with the Indigenous ways of the people who have lived on this land for a long time.” To facilitate the launching of a new religion for the settlers who had come to Turtle Island (a Haudenosaunee [Iroquois] name for North America), the farm hands melted down some gold they had received as payment from the British for their role in the War of 1812. On tablets of gold they inscribed the Gaiwí:yo in “picture writing,” buried them, and invited the incipient Mormon seer to find and interpret these records with a Christian emphasis “so that your people will tune into it.”

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Notes

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21.
Rimrock and names of individuals are pseudonyms. For an overview of the project see: Vogt, Evon Z. and Ethel M. Albert, eds., People of Rimrock: A Study of Values in Five Cultures (New York: Atheneum, 1975 [1966]).
22.
Blanchard, Kendall A., The Economics of Sainthood: Religious Change among the Rimrock Navajos (Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1977): 33. Vogt reports 150 baptisms of Navajo and Zuni by fall of 1877. Vogt and Albert, People of Rimrock, 56.
23.
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24.
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25.
Blanchard, Economics of Sainthood, 20, 113–120.
26.
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27.
Stewart and Wiley, “Cultural Genocide,” 82.
28.
Angelo Baca, “Porter Rockwell and Samuel the Lamanite Fistfight in Heaven: A Mormon Navajo Filmmaker’s Perspective,” in Decolonizing Mormonism, ed. Colvin and Brooks: 67.
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Bagley, Will, The Whites Want Every Thing: Indian-Mormon Relations, 1847–1877, Kingdom in the West: The Mormons and the American Frontier (Norman, OK: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2019); Cuch, Forrest S., ed. A History of Utah’s American Indians (Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs/Utah State Division of History, 2000); Hafen and Rensink, Essays; Colvin and Brooks, Decolonizing Mormonism.
32.
Lori E. Taylor, “Joseph Smith in Iroquois Country: A Mormon Creation Story,” in Essays, ed. Hafen and Rensink: 41–60.
33.
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Wilson, Edmund, Apologies to the Iroquois (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1992[1959]): 163–167.
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36.
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37.
Simpson, Audra, Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life across the Borders of Settler States (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2014): 78.
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Smith, Christopher C., “Playing Lamanite: Ecstatic Performance of American Indian Roles in Early Mormon Ohio,” Journal of Mormon History 41, no. 3 (2015): 131.
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40.
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Metcalf, “Which Side of the Line?” 235.
43.
Boxer, Elise, “‘This Is the Place!’ Disrupting Mormon Settler Colonialism,” in Decolonizing Mormonism, eds. Colvin and Brooks: 77–99.
44.
Silko, Leslie M., Gardens in the Dunes: A Novel (New York City: Simon and Schuster, 1999): 31, 40.
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Taylor, Michael P., “In the Literature of the Lamanites: (Un)Settling Mormonism in the Literary Record of Native North America, 1830–1930,” in Essays, eds. Hafen and Rensink: 89.
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Smoak, Ghost Dances and Identity: Prophetic Religion and American Indian Ethnogenesis in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006): 80, 126.
48.
Brinkerhoff, Zula, The Spirit of Geronimo Returns (Salt Lake City: n.p., 1973).
49.
Brinkerhoff, Val, The Remnant Awakens (Create Space, 2018): 7.
50.
Allred, B. Harvey, A Leaf in Review of the Words and Acts of God and Men Relative to the Fullness of the Gospel, 2nd ed. (Draper, UT: Review and Preview Publishers, 1968[1933]); Allred Kunz, Rhea, The One Like Unto Moses the Branch Prophet (Salt Lake City: Latter Day Publications, 2000): 51, 292.
51.
Boren, Karen, “Indians to Settlers: ‘We Must Help One Another’,” Church News, July 5, 1997. Murphy, Thomas W, Kerrie S. Murphy, and Jessyca B. Murphy, “An Indian Princess and a Mormon Sacagawea: Decolonizing Memories of Our Grandmothers,” Unpublished manuscript, 2020.
52.
Wood, Joseph C. “Peninah S. Cotton Wood,” in Family Histories, ed. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, UT: Church History Library, 1934); “Peninah Schropshire Cotton Wood,” in Pioneer Women of Faith and Fortitude (United States: International Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1998): 3438.
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Wood Naylor, Josephine, “History of Daniel Wood Cemetary,” http://www.angelfire.com/band/lobster/cemetery.html. Naylor incorrectly attributes the origin of the children to the Blackhawk War which did not begin until 1865. If they came in 1849, as claimed, they were more likely survivors of the conflict at Battle Creek in Utah Valley. See Christopher C. Smith, “Mormon Conquest: Whites and Natives in the Intermountain West, 1847–1851” (Claremont Graduate University, 2016): 147.
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Wood, J., “Peninah.”
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Bennion, Michael K., “Captivity, Adoption, Marriage and Identity: Native American Children in Mormon Homes, 1847–1900” (University of Nevada, 2012): 3, 28, 152–157. Bennion’s data overlooked Peninah Shropshire Wood and the three children she took into her home in 1849.
58.
Ibid., 210–212. Brooks, Juanita, “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,” Utah Historical Quarterly 12, no. 1/2 (1944): 39.
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Hebner, William L., Southern Paiute: A Portrait (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2010): 87, 91, 138, 41. Janet Leavitt, discussed above by Brooks, and Jeanette Leavitt, discussed by Miller, might be the same person. If so, Brooks reached her conclusion about white identities in the 1930s prematurely, incompletely, or inaccurately.
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Shumway, Dale, and Margene Shumway, The Blossoming: Dramatic Accounts in the Lives of Native Americans (Orem, UT: Granite Press, 2002).
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Thayne, Stanley J. “The Blood of Father Lehi: Indigenous Americans and the Book of Mormon” (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016): 189.
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Thayne, “The Blood of Father Lehi,” 188.
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Blueotter, Unity Caravan; Wilkinson, Charles F., Fire on the Plateau: Conflict and Endurance in the American Southwest (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
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Metcalf, R. Warren, Termination’s Legacy: The Discarded Indians of Utah (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002).
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“Anderson, Wallace ‘Mad Bear’,” in Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy), ed. Bruce E. Johansen and Barbara A. Mann (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000).
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Garrett, Mathew, Making Lamanites: Mormons, Native Americans, and the Indian Student Placement Program, 1947–2000 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2016): 181–182; Hendrix-Komoto, Amanda, “Boycotting General Conference 40 Years Ago: The Lamanite Generation, the American Indian Movement, and Temple Square,” April 12, 2013, https://juvenileinstructor.org/boycotting-general-conference-50-years-ago-the-lamanite-generation-the-american-indian-movement-and-temple-square/.
77.
2 Ne. 30:6. In 1981, the LDS Church restored a change of the word white to pure that Joseph Smith had made in 1840, but that had been lost in subsequent editions. Campbell, Douglas, “‘White’ or ‘Pure’: Five Vignettes,” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 29, no. 4 (1996): 119–135.
78.
Jacobs, Margaret D., “Entangled Histories: The Mormon Church and Indigenous Child Removal from 1850 to 2000,” Journal of Mormon History 42, no. 2 (2016): 41.
79.
Benally, “Decolonizing the Blossoming,” 73.
80.
Metcalf, Termination’s Legacy; Wilkinson, Fire on the Plateau; Gottlieb, Robert and Peter Wiley, America’s Saints: The Rise of Mormon Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986 [1984]); Nielson, Parker M., The Dispossessed: The Cultural Genocide of the Mixed-Blood Utes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998); Brugge, David M., The Navajo Hopi Land Dispute: An American Tragedy (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994).
81.
Metcalf, Termination’s Legacy, 235–239.
82.
Ibid.; Alexander, Thomas G., “Native Americans in Post-War Utah,” http://historytogo.utah.gov/; Thayne, “The Blood of Father Lehi”; Cuch, Utah’s American Indians.
83.
Hebner, Southern Paiute, 64–66.
84.
Ibid., 107–112; Metcalf, Termination’s Legacy, 122–123.
85.
Peterson, John A., Utah’s Black Hawk War (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998), 53–62, 78–79, 396–397; Leonard, Glen M., “Antiquities, Curiosities, and Latter-Day Saint Museums,” in The Disciple as Witness: Essays on Latter-Day Saint History and Doctrine in Honor of Richard Lloyd Anderson, eds. Anderson, Richard L. et al. (Provo: Brigham Young University, 2000): 291–325.
86.
Murphy, Thomas W and Angelo Baca, “Rejecting Racism in Any Form: Latter-Day Saint Rhetoric, Religion, and Repatriation,” Open Theology, no. 2 (2016): 700–725.
87.
Robinson, Rebecca, Voices from Bears Ears: Seeking Common Ground on Sacred Land (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018), 77–78; Mauss, Abraham’s Children, 123.
88.
Robinson, Bears Ears, 30, 228, 374–376.
89.
Peterson, Black Hawk War, 78–79, 396–397.
90.
Hutt, Sherry, “Notice of Inventory Completion: Brigham Young University, Museum of Peoples and Cultures, Provo, UT,” Federal Register 75, no. 185 (Sept. 24, 2010): 58433–58435; O’Brien, Melanie, “Notice of Inventory Completion: Brigham Young University, Museum of Peoples and Cultures, Provo, UT; Correction,” Federal Register 77, no. 167 (Aug. 28, 2012): 52057.
91.
Bitsoi, Alastair, “Greenthread: Bear’s Ears to Brooklyn,” in Edge of Morning: Native Voices Speak for the Bears Ears, ed. Jacqueline Keeler (Salt Lake City: Torrey House Press, 2017): 46.
92.
Robinson, Bears Ears.
93.
Ibid., 202; Lopez-Whiteskunk, Regina, “Afterword,” in Desert Cabal: A New Season in the Wilderness, ed. Amy Irvine (Salt Lake City: Torrey House Press, 2018): 85; “Fighting for the Land and Building Healing from Within,” in Edge of Morning, ed. Keeler: 26.
94.
Baca, Angelo, “Bears Ears Is Here to Stay,” New York Times, Dec. 8, 2017; Dougherty, John, “Trump’s Dismemberment of Bears Ears National Monument: Perspectives from Indigenous Scholars,” The Revelator, Dec. 5, 2017.

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Edmonds College, Lynnwood, WA, USA
Thomas W. Murphy

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R. Gordon Shepherd
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A. Gary Shepherd
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Ryan T. Cragun

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Murphy, T.W. (2020). Views from Turtle Island: Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Mormon Entanglements. In: Shepherd, R.G., Shepherd, A.G., Cragun, R.T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Mormonism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52616-0_29

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52616-0_29
Published: 13 November 2020
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Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52616-0
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