Abstract
Visual cues have always been central to the laws of war. Wearing a military uniform becomes a visual guide to distinguishing combatants from civilians. Insurgencies, however, frustrate this distinction. According to both the American and international laws of armed conflict, combatants and civilians occupy distinct categories. This difference is known as the principle of distinction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allinson, Jamie. 2015. “The Necropolitics of Drones.” International Political Sociology 9: 113–127.
Barnett, Michael, and Martha Finnemore. 1999. “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations.” International Organization (53) 4: 699–732.
Beier, Marshall J. 2015. “Children, Childhoods, and Security Studies: An Introduction.” Critical Studies on Security (3) 1: 1–13.
Bell, Colleen, and Brad Evans. 2010. “Terrorism to Insurgency: Mapping the Post-Intervention Security Terrain.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 4 (4): 371–390.
Berenson, Bradford. 2005. “The Torture Question.” Interview. Frontline, July 14. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/torture/interviews/berenson.html.
Boone, Jon. 2010. “US Army Amasses Biometric Data in Afghanistan.” The Guardian, October 27. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/27/us-army-biometric-data-afghanistan.
Burman, Erica. 1994. “Innocents Abroad: Western Fantasies of Childhood and the Iconography of Emergencies.” Disasters 18 (3): 238–253.
Bush, Laura. 2001d. “The Weekly Address Delivered by the First Lady.” The American Presidency Project, November 17. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=24992.
Carpenter, Charli. 2005. “‘Women, Children and Other Vulnerable Groups’: Gender, Strategic Frames and the Protection of Civilians as Transnational Issue.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 295–334.
CBC News. 2008. “‘You Don't Care About me,’ Omar Khadr Sobs in Interview Tapes.” CBC News, July 15. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/you-don-t-care-about-me-omar-khadr-sobs-in-interview-tapes-1.709736.
Cohen, Eliot A. 1996. “A Revolution in Warfare.” Foreign Affairs 73 (1): 109–124.
Cohn, Carol. 1987. “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals.” Signs 12 (4): 687–718.
———. 2013. “‘Maternal Thinking’ and the Concept of ‘Vulnerability’ in Security Paradigms, Policies, and Practices.” Journal of International Political Theory 10 (1): 46–69.
Colucci, Lamont. 2012. National Security Doctrines of the American Presidency. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Crawford, Emily. 2015. Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Dean, Robert. 1998. “Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy.” Diplomatic History 22 (1): 29–61.
Dill, Janina. 2015. Legitimate Targets? Social Construction, International Law and US Bombing. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
Duschinsky, Robbie. 2011. “Slaughtered Innocents: Child Victims in Political Discourse During the Second Intifada and Gaza Conflict.” Social Semiotics 21 (1): 33–51.
Flynn, Michael T., Rich Juergens, and Thomas L. Cantrell. 2008. “Employing ISR: SOF Best Practices.” JFQ 50 (3): 56–61.
Gentry, John. 2010. “Norms as Weapons of War.” Defense & Security Analysis 26 (1): 11–30.
Gregory, Derek. 2011. “The Everywhere War.” The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 238–250.
Grobklaus, Mathias. 2015. “Targeted Killing and the Problem of ‘Norm Erosion’.” Conference Paper. Presented at the 56th International Studies Association Annual Convention, February 18–21, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Gurtov, Mel. 2006. Superpower on Crusade: The Bush Doctrine in US Foreign Policy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Holt, Louise, and Sarah L. Holloway. 2006. “Editorial: Theorising Other Childhoods in a Globalised World.” Children’s Geographies 4 (2): 135–142.
Hopking, Peter E. 2014. “Youthful Muslim Masculinities: Gender and Generational Relations.” Royal Geographical Society 31: 337–352.
Hudson, Valerie M., and Patricia Leidl. 2015. The Hillary Doctrine. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hyndman, Jennifer. 2010. “The Question of ‘the Political’ in Critical Geographies: Querying the ‘Child Soldier’ in the ‘War on Terror’.” Political Geography 29 (5): 247–255.
Ingram, Helen, and Anne Schneider. 1993. “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy.” The American Political Science Review 87 (2): 334–347.
International Military Commission. 1868. Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868, November 29. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/decpeter.asp.
Islamabad, Chiade O’Shea. 2007. “NATO Accuses Taliban of Using Children in Suicide Missions.” The Guardian, June 23. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/23/afghanistan.uknews4.
Jacob, Cecilia. 2015. “‘Children and Armed Conflict’ and the Field of Security Studies.” Critical Studies on Security 3 (1): 14–28.
Jamison, Melissa. 2005. “Detention of Juvenile Combatants at Guantanamo Bay: The Special Concerns of the Children.” UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law and Policy 9 (1): 127–170.
Johns, Fleur. 2005. “Guantanamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception.” European Journal of International Law 16 (4): 613–635.
Kaldor, Mary. 2006. “The Globalized War Economy.” In Perspectives on World Politics, 3rd ed, edited by Richard Little and Michael Smith, 286–294. New York: Routledge.
Kaldor, Mary. 2007. New and Old Wars. 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Khalili, Laleh. 2010. “Gendered Practices of Counterinsurgency.” Review of International Studies 37 (4): 1471–1491.
Kilcullen, David J. 2006. “Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency.” Marine Corps Gazette (Summer): 29–35.
Kinsella, Helen. 2004. “Securing the Civilian: Sex and Gender in the Laws of War.” Working Paper No. 201, Boston Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights.
———. 2006. “Gendering Grotius: Sex and Gender in the Laws of War.” Political Theory 34 (2): 161–191.
Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias. 2010. “Global Dimensions of Policy.” Global Policy 1 (1): 16–28.
Koring, Paul. 2010. “Omar Kadr Is ‘al-Qaeda Royalty’ and a Grave Risk, Psychiatrist Testifies.” The Globe and Mail, October 27. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/omar-khadr-is-al-qaeda-royalty-and-a-grave-risk-psychiatrist-testifies/article4330447/.
Lee-Koo, Katrina. 2011. “Horror and Hope: (Re)presenting Militarised Children in Global North-South Relations.” Third World Quarterly 32 (4): 725–742.
Linebaugh, Heather. 2013. “I Worked on the US Drone Program: The Public Should Know What Really Goes On.” The Guardian, December 29. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/29/drones-us-military.
Macmillan, Lorraine. 2015. “Children, Civilianhood, and Humanitarian Securitization.” Critical Studies on Security 3 (1): 62–76.
Murphy, John M. 2004. “The Language of Liberal Consensus: John F. Kennedy, Technical Reason, and the ‘New Economics’ at Yale University.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 90 (2): 133–162.
Nagl, John. 2007. “Forward to the University of Chicago Press Edition: The Evolution and Importance of Army/Marine Corps Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency.” In The U.S Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Filed Manual, xiii–xx. London: University of Chicago Press.
Obama, Barack. 2009. “Full Text of Obama’s Nobel Peace Prize Speech.” NBC News, October 10. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/honour-killings-domestic-abuse-by-another-name-1.792907.
Office of the Press Secretary. 2002. “White House Press Secretary Announcement of President Bush’s Determination re Legal Status of Taliban and Al Qaeda Detainees,” February 7. https://www.state.gov/s/l/38727.htm.
OHCHR. 1979. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, December 18. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cedaw.aspx.
OHCHR. 1989. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, November 20. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.
Opperman, Kai. 2013. “Thinking Alike? Silence and Metaphor Analysis as Cognitive Approaches to Foreign Policy Analysis.” Foreign Policy Analysis 9: 39–56.
Park, Augustine S. 2014. “Constituting Omar Khadr: Cultural Racism, Childhood, and Citizenship.” International Political Sociology 8 (1): 43–62.
Petraeus, David. 2010. “Full Text: Gen Petraeus Speech.” BBC News, July 4. http://www.bbc.com/news/10501541.
Porter, Tony, and Michael Webb. 2009. “The Role of the OECD in the Orchestration of Global Knowledge Networks.” In The OECD and Transnational Governance, edited by Rianne Mahone and Stephen McBride, 43–60. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Powell, Colin. 1996. My American Journey. New York: Ballantine Books.
Pupavac, Vanessa. 2001. “Misanthropy Without Borders: The International Children’s Rights Regime.” Disasters 25 (2): 95–112.
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2007. “International Crises of Legitimacy.” International Politics 44 (2–3): 157–174.
Rumsfeld, Donald, and General Myers. 2003. “Department of Defense News Briefing.” Center for the Study of Human Rights in the Americas, April 25. http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/projects/the-guantanamo-testimonials-project/testimonies/testimonies-of-military-psychologists-index/dod-news-briefing-secretary-rumsfeld-and-general-myers.
Sewall, Sarah. 2007b. “Introduction to the University of Chicago Pres Edition.” In The U.S Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Filed Manual, xxi–xliii. London: University of Chicago Press.
Shaw, Ian. 2016. “Scorched Atmospheres: The Violent Geographies of the Vietnam War and the Rise of Drone Warfare.” Annals of American Association of Geographers 106 (3): 688–704.
Shaw, Ian, and Majed Akhter. 2012. “The Unbearable Humaness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan.” Antipode 44 (4): 1490–1509.
Sikkink, Katheryn. 2013. “The United States and Torture: Does the Spiral Model Work?.” In The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance, edited by Thomas Risse-Kappen, Stephen C. Ropp, and Katheryn Sikkink, 145–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sledge, Matt. 2014. “How the CIA Twisted the Legacy of a Vietnam War Protest to Justify Torture.” HuffPost, December 16. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/the-necessity-defense-how_n_6333996.
The American Civil Liberties Union. 2013. Shared Concerns Regarding U.S Drone Strikes and Targeted Killings, April 11. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2013-04-18/letter-to-obama-on-targeted-killings.
The Economist. 2012. “The Eyes Have It.” The Economist, July 7. http://www.economist.com/node/21558263.
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. 2014. The Senate Intelligence Committee Report on Torture. New York: Melville House Publishing.
Tisdalla, Kay E. M., and Samantha Punch. 2012. “Not So ‘New’? Looking Critically at Childhood Studies.” Children’s Geographies 10 (3): 249–264.
Walzer, Michael. 2007. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books.
Watson, Alison. 2006. “Children and International Relations: A New Site of Knowledge?” Review of International Studies 32 (2): 237–250.
Weizman, Eyal. 2011. The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. London: Verso.
Williams, Brian Glyn. 2013. “CIA ‘signature drone stries’ and the killing of Americans abroad.” Valley Advocat, June 10. https://valleyadvocate.com/2013/06/10/cia-signature-drone-strikes-and-the-killing-of-americans-abroad/https://valleyadvocate.com/2013/06/10/cia-signature-drone-strikes-and-the-killing-of-americans-abroad/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shoker, S. (2021). Producing the Not-Civilian: Military-Age Males as Visual Identifier. In: Military-Age Males in Counterinsurgency and Drone Warfare. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52474-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52474-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52473-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52474-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)