Abstract
Resource extraction is an old tradition in the Arctic region and shows a variable historical pattern although with a long-term upward trend that has accelerated in recent decades. This development stands in a complicated relationship to local Arctic communities. They are rarely the prime drivers of the growth in extraction industries. Nonetheless, some of them depend on resource extraction for their very existence while others suffer from extraction, some badly. In this Chapter I will articulate some of the background thinking as we put together a very large team of 15 partner universities/institutes and some 50 scholars, scientists and practitioners in REXSAC to research sustainability and resource extraction in the context of a rapidly changing Arctic with increased vulnerability and mounting outside geopolitical interest. I will present our approaches to theorizing about resource extraction (resources as socially defined) and the formation of sustainability, and I will draw on some of our results so far. I will also present our work to critically engage with policy concepts from the recent neo-liberal past, such as sustainability, assessments, or ‘best practice’.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmed, S. (2004). The cultural politics of emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Allard, C. (2006). Two sides of the coin – Rights and duties: The interface between environmental law and Saami law based on a comparison with Aoteoaroa/New Zealand and Canada. Diss. Luleå University of Technology.
Arctic Council. (2013). Arctic resilience interim report 2013. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Arctic EIA Project. (2017). Tomorrow’s Arctic EIA: Nordic possibilities and perspectives to Environmental Impact Assessments in the Arctic. Summary from Nordic workshop, Rovaniemi, Finland 11–12 December 2017. https://www.sdwg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NordicWorkshop_Summary.pdf
Asad, T. (1987). Are there histories of peoples without Europe? A review article. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29(3), 594–607.
Avango, D. (forthcoming). The making of a resourcescape: The long history of mining in the Arctic. Journal of Northern Studies
Avango, D. (2020). When mines go silent: Exploring the afterlives of extraction sites (this volume).
Avango, D., & Roberts, P. (2017). Industrial heritage and Arctic mining sites: Material remains as resources for the present – And the future. In R. C. Thomsen & L. R. Bjørst (Eds.), Heritage and change in the Arctic: Resources for the present, and the future. Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
Avango, D., Nilsson, A. E., & Roberts, P. (2013). Assessing Arctic futures: Voices, resources, and governance. Polar Journal, 3(2), 431–446.
Avango, D., Kunnas, J., Pettersson, M., Pettersson, Ö., Roberts, P., Solbär, L., & Wråkberg, U. (2019). Constructing Northern Fennoscandia as a mining region. In C. Keskitalo (Ed.), The politics of Arctic resources: Change and continuity in the “Old North” of Northern Europe (pp. 78–98). Abingdon: Routledge.
Avango, D. et al. (in progress-a), The historical dimension of mining impacts in the Arctic: Lessons from multidisciplinary research.
Avango, D. et al. (in progress-b), Sustainability after extraction: Lessons from abandoned mining settlements in southern Greenland.
Ballard, C., & Banks, G. (2003). Resource wars: The anthropology of mining. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 287–313.
Bhabha, H. (1992). The location of culture. London: Routledge.
Bjørst, L. R. (2017). Arctic resource dilemmas: Tolerance talk and the mining of Greenland’s uranium. In R. C. Thomsen & L. R. Bjørst (Eds.), Heritage and change in the Arctic: Resources for the present, and the future (pp. 159–175). Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
Bloom, L. (1993). Gender on ice: American ideologies of polar expeditions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bogan, C. E., & English, M. J. (1994). Bench marking for best practices: Winning through innovative adaptation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bretschneider, S., Marc-Aurele, F. J., Jr., & Wu, J. (2005). “Best practices” research: A methodological guide for the perplexed. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(2), 307–323.
Brysse, K., Oreskes, N., O’Reilly, J., & Oppenheimer, M. (2013). Climate change prediction: Erring on the side of least drama. Global Environmental Change, 23, 327–337.
Carson, M., & Peterson, G. (Eds.). (2016). Arctic resilience report. Stockholm: Arctic Council, Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Carson, M., & Sommerkorn, M. (2017). A resilience approach to adaptation actions. In AMAP (Ed.), Adaptation Action for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area (pp. 195–217). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Chuffart, S., & Viñuales, E. J. (2014). From the other shore: Economic, social and cultural rights from an international environmental law perspective. In E. Riedel, G. Giacca, & C. Golay (Eds.), Economic, social and cultural rights: Current issues and challenges (pp. 287–307). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cornell, S., Costanza, R., Sörlin, S., & van der Leeuw, S. E. (2010). Developing a systematic ‘science of the past’ to create our future. Global Environmental Change, 20(3), 423–425.
Dahl, J., Roberts, P., & van der Watt, L.-M. (2019). Is there anything natural about the polar? Polar Record, 55(5), 1–4.
Doel, R. E., Friedman, R. M., Lajus, J., Sörlin, S., & Wråkberg, U. (2014). Strategic Arctic science: National interests in building natural knowledge – Interwar era through the Cold War. Journal of Historical Geography, 44, 60–80.
Edwards, P. N. (2010). A vast machine: Computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming (p. 2010). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Emmerson, C. (2010). The future history of the Arctic: How climate, resources and geopolitics are reshaping the north, and why it matters to the world. New York: Public Affairs.
Ernstson, H., & Sörlin, S. (2013). Ecosystem services as technology of globalization: On articulating values in urban nature. Ecological Economics, 86, 273–284.
Evengård, B., Larsen, J. N., & Paasche, Ö. (2015). The new Arctic. Cham/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
Fischer, S., Rosqvist, G., Chalov, S. R., & Jarsjö, J. (2020). Disproportionate water quality impacts from the century-old Nautanen copper mines, northern Sweden. Sustainability, 12, 1394.
Fohringer, C., Rosqvist, G., Inga, N., & Singh, N. (2020) Reindeer husbandry in peril?: How extractive industries exert multiple pressures on an Arctic pastoral ecosystem (in review).
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(2006), 253–267.
Fondahl, G., & Wilson, G. N. (2017). Northern sustainabilities: Understanding and addressing change in the circumpolar world. Cham: Springer Nature.
Geissler, P. W., & Kelly, A. H. (2016). A home for science: The life and times of Tropical and Polar field stations. Social Studies of Science, 46(6), 797–808.
Grace, S. E. (2002). Canada and the idea of north. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Hastrup, K. (2012). The icy breath: Modalities of climate knowledge in the Arctic. Current Anthropology, 53(2), 226–244.
Hastrup, K. (2013). Anticipation on thin ice: Diagrammatic reasoning. In K. Hastrup & M. Skrydstrup (Eds.), The social life of climate change models: Anticipating nature (pp. 77–99). New York: Routledge.
Hastrup, K. (2015). Thule: Paa tidens rand. Copenhagen: Lindhardt og Ringhof.
Heikkinen, H., Simo, S., & Nuttall, M. (2012). Users or producers of ecosystem services? A scenario exercise for integrating conservation and reindeer herding in northeast Finland. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2, 11. Springer.
Hojem, P. (2015). Mining in the Nordic Countries: A comparative review of legislation and taxation. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Howitt, R. & Lawrence, R. (2008, new ed. 2017) Indigenous peoples, corporate social responsibility, and the fragility of the interpersonal domain. In C. O’Faircheallaigh & S. Ali (Eds.), Earth matters: Indigenous peoples, the extractive industries and corporate social responsibility (pp. 83–103). Abingdon: Routledge.
Hughes, T. P. (1983). Networks of power: Electrification in Western society, 1880–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Keeling, A., & Sandlos, J. (Eds.). (2015). Mining and communities in Northern Canada: History, politics, and memory. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
Keeling, A., & Sandlos, J. (2017). Ghost towns and zombie mines: Historical dimensions of mine abandonment, reclamation and redevelopment in the Canadian North. In S. Bocking & B. Martin (Eds.), Ice Blink: Navigating northern environmental history (pp. 377–420). Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
Kofinas, G. P., Clark, D., & Hovelsrud, G. K. (2013). Adaptive and transformative capacity. In Arctic Council (Ed.), Arctic Resilience Interim Report 2013 (pp. 73–93). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Koivurova, T., et al. (2015). Legal protection of Sami traditional livelihoods from the adverse impacts of mining: A comparison of the level of protection enjoyed by Sami in their four home states. Arctic Review, 6, 1.
Koivurova, T., Lesser, P., Bickford, S., Kankaanpää, P., & Nenasheva, M. (2016). Environmental impact assessment in the Arctic: A guide to best practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Kramvig, B., & Avango, D.. (forthcoming). Gollegiisá – The Treasure Chamber. Polar Record, special issue.
Krupnik, I. (Ed.). (2016). Early Inuit studies: themes and transitions, 1850s–1980s. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
Krupnik, I., Bravo, M., Sörlin, S., et al. (2005). Social sciences and humanities in the international polar year 2007–2008: An integrating mission. Arctic, 58(1), 91–101.
Larsen, R. K. (2017). Impact assessment and indigenous self-determination: A scalar framework of participation options. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.
Larsen, R. K., & Nilsson, A. E. (2017). Knowledge production and environmental conflict: Managing systematic reviews and maps for constructive outcomes. Environmental Evidence, 6, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0095-x.
Larsen, R. K., & Ratio, K. (2019). Implementing the state duty to consult in land and resource decisions: Perspectives from Sami communities and Swedish state officials. Arctic Review, 10, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v10.1323.
Larsen, J. N., Schweitzer, P., & Fondahl, G. (Eds). (2010) Arctic social indicators. Tema Nord: 519. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Larsen, J.N., Schweitzer, P., & Petrov, A. (Eds). 2014. Arctic Social Indicators: Implementation. Tema Nord: 568. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Larsen, R. K., Raitio, K., Stinnerbom, M., & Wik-Karlsson, J. (2017). Sami-state collaboration in the governance of cumulative effects assessment: A critical action research approach. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 64, 67–76.
Larsen, R. K., Österlin, C., & Guia, L. (2018). Do voluntary corporate actions improve cumulative effects assessment? Mining companies’ performance on Sami lands. Extractive Industries and Society, 5, 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.04.003.
Lawrence, R., (2009) Shifting Responsibilities and Shifting Terrains: State Responsibility, Corporate Social Responsibility and Indigenous Claims, Doctoral Thesis in Sociology at Stockholm University, Stockholm Studies in Sociology New Series 37.
Lawrence, R., & Larsen, R. K. (2017). The politics of planning: Assessing the impacts of mining on Saami lands. Third World Quarterly, 38, 1164–1180.
Lien, M. E. (2014). Fluid subsistences: Towards a better understanding of northern livelihoods. Polar Record, 50(255), 440–441.
Lien, M. E. (forthcoming). Interruptions: Affective futures and uncanny presences at Giemaš, Finnmark. Polar Record, special issue.
McCannon, J. (2012). A history of the Arctic. London: Reaktion Books.
Mitchell, R. B., Clark, W. C., Cash, D. W., & Dickson, N. M. (Eds.). (2006). Global environmental assessments: Information and influence. Boston: MIT Press.
Nilsson, A. E. (2018). Creating a safe operational space for business: The changing role of Arctic governance. In N. Wormbs (Ed.), Competing artic futures: Historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 117–137). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nilsson, A. E. (2020) Gruvor och hållbar utveckling i norra Sverige – går det att förena? Rapport från en workshop i Kiruna 6 november 2019. Avdelningen för historiska studier av teknik, vetenskap och miljö, Kungl. Tekniska Högskolan. https://www.rexsac.org/publications/gruvor-och-hallbar-utveckling-norra-sverige/
Nilsson, A. E., & Christensen, M. (2019). Arctic geopolitics, media and power. London/New York: Routledge.
Nilsson, A. E., & Larsen, J. N. (2020). Making regional sense of global sustainable development indicators for the Arctic. Sustainability, 12(3), 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031027.
Nilsson, A. E., Hovelsrud, G. K., Amundsen, H., Prior, H., & Sommerkorn, M. (2016). Building capacity to shape and adapt to change. In M. Carson & G. Peterson (Eds.), Arctic resilience scientific report (pp. 164–179). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Nilsson, A. E., Carlsen, H., Bay-Larsen, van Oort, B., Bjørkan, M. I., Jylhä, K., Klyuchnikova, E., Masloboev, V., & van der Watt, L.-M. (2017). Towards extended shared socioeconomic pathways: A combined participatory bottom-up and top-down methodology with results from the Barents region. Global Environmental Change, 45, 124–132.
Nilsson, A. E., Carson, M., Cost, D. S., Forbes, B. C., Haavisto, R., Karlsdottir, A., Larsen, J. N., Paasche, Ø., Sarkki, S., Larsen, S. V., & Pelyasov, A. (2019). Towards improved participatory scenario methodologies in the Arctic. Polar Geography, Online. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648583.
Nuttall, M. (October 2017). Something out there in the water: Local responses to resource exploration in Northwest Greenland. In Interdisciplinary conference on extraction and exclusion, school of geography and the environment and St. Antony’s college (pp. 19–20). Oxford: University of Oxford.
Oppenheimer, M., Oreskes, N., Jamieson, D., Brysse, K., O’Reilly, J., Shindell, M., & Sazeck, M. (2019). Discerning experts: The practices of scientific assessment for environmental policy. Chicago: The UNiversity of Chicago Press.
Örnberg, J. (2018). Extractive industries and Sami in Sweden: An analysis of the procedural safeguards in the Swedish mineral framework and Sweden’s international and regional obligations (Lund University: Faculty of Law, 2018).
Österlin, C. (2020). Accumulated land area designated for mining within Swedish reindeer herding communities per decade (diss. ch. 2017, in press for 2020).
Owens, S. (2015). Knowledge, policy, and expertise: The UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 1970–2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paschen, J.-A., & Ison, R. (2014). Narrative research in climate change adaptation—Exploring a complementary paradigm for research and governance. Research Policy, 43(6), 1083–1092.
Petrov, A. N., BurnSilver, S., Chapin, F. S., Fondahl, G., Graybill, J., Keil, K., Nilsson, A. E., Riedlsperger, R., & Schweitzer, P. (2017). Arctic sustainability research: Past, present and future. Abingdon: Routledge.
Poikane, S., Ritterbusch, D., Argillier, C., Bialokoz, W., Blabolil, P., et al. (2017). Response of fish communities to multiple pressures: Development of a total anthropogenic pressure intensity index. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 502–511.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2011). Public management reform – a comparative analysis: New Public Management, Governance, and the Neo-Weberian State (orig. 2000), 3rd expanded ed. (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Redclift, M. (1987). Sustainable development: Exploring the contradictions. London: Routledge.
Ren, C., Gad, U., & Bjørst, L. (2019). Branding on the Nordic margins: Greenland brand configurations. In C. Cassinger, A. Lucarelli, & S. Gyimóthy (Eds.), The Nordic wave in place branding: Poetics, practices, politics (pp. 160–174). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
REXSAC Brisbane. (2019). Integrating indigenous rights and knowledges into impact assessment. REXSAC organized session at: International Association for Impact Assessment 2019 conference, Brisbane 29 April – 2 May.
Robinson, J. (2004). Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 48, 369–384.
Rosqvist, G. & Inga, N. (2015). Effects of changing snow conditions on reindeer husbandry in Arctic Sweden. ICARP III: Arctic snow cover and their consequences, Arctic Science Summit Week 2015.
Rosqvist, G. & Makers Only. (2015). Futuremountains: A film about research that matters (www.futuremountains.org). Produced Formas project Sami meet Science.
Rosqvist, G. N., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, P., Fischer, S., Fohringer, C., Heikkinen, H. I., Inga, N., Jarsjö, J., Lépy, É., Österlin, C., Pylkkänen, J., & Singh, N. (2019). Multiple pressures on Arctic landscapes (poster, 2019).
Rosqvist, G., Inga, N. & Eriksson, P. (2020). Impacts of climate warming on reindeer husbandry demand new land use strategies (in review).
Schulz-Forberg, H. (2013). Time and again toward the future. Claims on time as a new approach for global history. In H. Schulz-Forberg (Ed.), Zero hours: Conceptual insecurities and new beginnings in the interwar period (pp. 15–49). Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
Sehlin MacNeil, K. (2017). Extractive violence on indigenous country: Sami and aboriginal views on conflicts and power relations with extractive industries, diss. Umeå University.
Sejersen, F., Brokers of Hope: Extractive Industries and the Dynamics of Future-Making in Post-Colonial Greenland. Polar Record, special issue, forthcoming.
Sharma, D., & Tygstrup, F. (Eds.). (2015). Structures of feeling: Affectivity and the study of culture. Berlin/Munich/Boston: de Gruyter.
SITES, s.a. Swedish Infrastructure for ecosystem science (www.fieldsites.se).
Sköld, P., & Liggett, D. (2019). The road to the desired states of social-ecological systems in the Polar Regions. EU-PolarNet White paper 4. Bremerhaven: EU-PolarNet.
Smith, L. C. (2011). The new north: Our world in 2050. London: Profile Books.
Sörlin, S. (1988). Framtidslandet: Debatten om Norrland och naturresurserna under det industriella genombrottet. Stockholm: Carlsson.
Sörlin, S. (1989). Land of the future: Norrland and the north in Sweden and European consciousness. Umeå: Center for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeå University, Miscellaneous Publications 8.
Sörlin, S. (Ed.). (2013). Science, geopolitics and culture in the polar region: Norden beyond borders. Farnham: Ashgate.
Sörlin, S. (2018). Anthropocene Arctic: Reductionist imaginaries of a ‘New North’. In N. Wormbs (Ed.), Competing Artic futures: Historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 243–269). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., & Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 736–746.
Stjernström, O., Pashkevich, A., & Avango, D. (2020). Contrasting views on co-management of indigenous natural and cultural heritage – Case of Laponia World Heritage site, Sweden. Polar Record, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247420000121
Storm, A. (2014). Post-industrial landscape scars. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Thisted, K. (forthcoming). Emotions, finances and independence: Uranium as a ‘happy object’ in the Greenlandic debate on secession from Denmark. Polar Record, special issue.
Thisted K., Sejersen, F., & Lien, M. (Eds.) (forthcoming). Arctic Uchronotopias – Resource extraction and the imagining of Arctic futures. Polar Record, special issue.
Thomsen, R. C., & Bjørst, L. R. (Eds.). (2017). Heritage and change in the Arctic: Resources for the present, and the future. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press.
Ulfstein, G. (1995). The Svalbard Treaty: From Terra Nullius to Norwegian Sovereignty. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Vikström, H., & Högselius, P. (2017). From cryolite to critical metals: The scramble for Greenland’s minerals. In R. C. Thompson & L. R. Bjørst (Eds.), Heritage and change in the Arctic: Resources for the present, past and future (pp. 177–211). Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
Warde, P. S. (2018). The invention of sustainability: Nature and destiny, c.1500–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Warde, P. S., Robin, L., & Sörlin, S. (2018). The environment – A history of the idea. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ween, G. B. (2012). Resisting the imminent death of wild Salmon. In C. Carothers et al. (Eds.), Fishing people of the north: Cultures, economies, and management responding to change. Fairbanks: Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Ween, G. B. (forthcoming). The past and futures of rocks, water, Sami and salmon: Resource narratives and amnesia in Finnmark. Polar Record, special issue.
Ween, G. B., & Lien, M. L. (2012). Decolonialization in the Arctic? Nature practices and land rights in the Norwegian high north. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 7(1), 93–109.
Williams, R. (1976). Marxism and literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, R., & Orrom, M. (1954). Preface to film. London: Film Drama.
Wormbs, N. (2015). The assessed Arctic: How monitoring can be silently normative. In B. Evengård, J. N. Larsen, & Ö. Paasche (Eds.), The new Arctic (pp. 291–301). Cham/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
Wormbs, N. (2018). Introduction: Back to the future of an uncertain Arctic. In N. Wormbs (Ed.), Competing Artic futures: Historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 1–18). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wormbs, N., & Sörlin, S. (2017). Arctic futures: Agency and assessing assessments. In L.-A. Körber, S. MacKenzie, & A. Westerståhl Stenport (Eds.), Arctic environmental modernities from the age of polar exploration to the era of the anthropocene (pp. 263–285). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wormbs, N., Döscher, R., Nilsson, A. E., & Sörlin, S. (2017). Bellwether, exceptionalism, and other tropes: Political coproduction of Arctic climate modeling. In M. Heymann, G. Gramelsberger, & M. Mahony (Eds.), Cultures of prediction: Epistemic and cultural shifts in computer-based atmospheric and climate science (pp. 133–155). New York: Routledge.
Acknowledgments
This chapter draws on conversations, plans, and published research conducted among the entire REXSAC community since its formational stages in 2013 up until the first months of 2020. Although I was an active participant of the process and led and followed our work at (almost) every step of the way, I still benefitted enormously from what I learned from so many others over these years, inside and outside of REXSAC. So many, in fact, that I cannot possibly name everyone here. Several will find their name in the bibliography, which nonetheless covers only a portion of the total REXSAC output. Some merit special mention, though, for either close collaboration, emotional support, inspirational ideas, tireless effort, editorial work, or helpful comments on drafts of the text (or combinations of the above): Dag Avango, Gunnel Gustafsson, Hannu Heikkinen, Joan Nyman Larsen, Britt Kramvig, Marianne Lien, Annika E. Nilsson, Douglas Nord, Andrea Norgren, Lill Rastad Bjørst, Peder Roberts, Gunhild Rosqvist, Kirsten Thisted. I thank you all for your collaboration. For any remaining errors I bear the full responsibility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sörlin, S. (2021). Is There Such a Thing as ‘Best Practice’? Exploring the Extraction/Sustainability Dilemma in the Arctic. In: Nord, D.C. (eds) Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52324-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52324-4_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52323-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52324-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)