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Persistent Organic Pollutants and Soil Protection: National and Global Imperatives

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International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2019

Part of the book series: International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy ((IYSLP,volume 2019))

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Abstract

The increase in population has resulted in innovation to increase human productivity. While innovations are useful, they can also be a threat to natural resources including the soil, which presents a wide range of natural habitats and environmental ecosystem services to humans and wildlife. The use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in industrial and agricultural production has had great impacts on the soil and resources thereon. POPs long-range effects, bioaccumulation and attendant impacts on the environment and human health calls for rethinking of soil governance structures. The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has given new impetus for re-envisioning soil governance, which has been largely addressed through diverse sectoral laws and policies. Using Kenya, the chapter analyses the local, regional and international laws governing the use of POPs and concludes that the legal framework does not give the necessary attention to the integrity of soils. It also notes that there is need for a comprehensive regime for the protection of soil as a natural resource. Such a regime will effectively improve soil governance by defining entitlements, permissible uses, public and private good elements in soil. The author concludes that PoPs regulation should be an integral part of a soil governance regime at the international, national and local levels.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hannam and Boer (2002), p. 9.

  2. 2.

    Richter (2007), pp. 961–962.

  3. 3.

    White (2013), pp. 15–30.

  4. 4.

    Marshall (2007), pp. 33–35.

  5. 5.

    Locke (2007), p. 1.

  6. 6.

    Howard and Lawson (2015), p. 1.

  7. 7.

    Assembly (1992a) Article 2.

  8. 8.

    Allan (2008), p. 61.

  9. 9.

    Hannam and Boer (2002), p. 10.

  10. 10.

    Wild (2003), p. 21.

  11. 11.

    Brussaard (1997), pp. 563–564.

  12. 12.

    Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO (2015).

  13. 13.

    Handelsman (2005), pp. 20–22.

  14. 14.

    Wild (2003), p. 86.

  15. 15.

    Solomon et al. (2007), p. 57.

  16. 16.

    Roose et al. (2006), p. 13.

  17. 17.

    Comis (2001), p. 4.

  18. 18.

    Hannam and Boer (2002), p. 11.

  19. 19.

    Winiwarter (2005), p. 490.

  20. 20.

    Skoet and Stamoulis (2006), p. 5.

  21. 21.

    Wyatt (2008), p. 206.

  22. 22.

    Mansour (2009), p. 531.

  23. 23.

    Bănăduc (2016), pp. 95–100.

  24. 24.

    Resource Futures International for World Bank and CIDA (2001), p. 22.

  25. 25.

    Van Oostdam et al. (1999), p. 22.

  26. 26.

    Wenjie (2008), p. 9088.

  27. 27.

    Wenjie (2008), p. 9087.

  28. 28.

    Wenjie (2008), p. 9090.

  29. 29.

    Martina (2008), p. 3589.

  30. 30.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1629.

  31. 31.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1629.

  32. 32.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1630.

  33. 33.

    Weigelt et al. (2015), pp. 57–65.

  34. 34.

    Kerekes (2011), pp. 315–338.

  35. 35.

    Assembly (2015) Goal 3, 13 and 15.

  36. 36.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1629.

  37. 37.

    Edwards (1965), p. 330.

  38. 38.

    Harris (1969), p. 20.

  39. 39.

    Aktar (2009), p. 8.

  40. 40.

    Pimentel and Edwards (1982), p. 597.

  41. 41.

    Pimentel and Edwards (1982), p. 598.

  42. 42.

    Pimentel and Edwards (1982), p. 599.

  43. 43.

    Klánová et al. (2008), pp. 416–423.

  44. 44.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1634.

  45. 45.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1634.

  46. 46.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1634.

  47. 47.

    Krier (2014), p. 589.

  48. 48.

    Baron (2013), p. 57.

  49. 49.

    Kay (2016), p. 513.

  50. 50.

    Meyer (2009), pp. 99–127.

  51. 51.

    Juerges and Hansjürgens (2018), p. 1631.

  52. 52.

    Hayat et al. (2010), pp. 217–222.

  53. 53.

    Murphy (2001), pp. 892–893.

  54. 54.

    Bishopp (1945), pp. 373–378.

  55. 55.

    Carson (2002), p. 57.

  56. 56.

    Assembly (1992b) Chap. 20.

  57. 57.

    Assembly (1989), p. 1, African Union (1998), p. 1.

  58. 58.

    FAO (1985), p. 1.

  59. 59.

    UNEP (1976), p. 4.

  60. 60.

    Assembly (1998), p. 1.

  61. 61.

    Assembly (1998) Preamble.

  62. 62.

    Assembly (1998) Article 1.

  63. 63.

    UNEP, (http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/26721/7749iPICMechan_EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) accessed 15th July 2019.

  64. 64.

    Assembly (1998) Annex III to Rotterdam Convention.

  65. 65.

    Assembly (2001), p. 1.

  66. 66.

    Assembly (2001) Article 14.

  67. 67.

    Assembly (2001) Aricle 16.

  68. 68.

    IISD (2010).

  69. 69.

    Article 2 of the Convention provides that “Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.” This resonates with Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992.

  70. 70.

    Assembly (2001) the Preamble.

  71. 71.

    Assembly (2001) the Preamble.

  72. 72.

    Perrez (1996).

  73. 73.

    Assembly (2001) Preamble.

  74. 74.

    Assembly (2001) Article 1.

  75. 75.

    Assembly (2001) Article 3.

  76. 76.

    Assembly (2001) Article 6.

  77. 77.

    Assembly (2001) Article 3.

  78. 78.

    Assembly (2001) Article 5.

  79. 79.

    Assembly (2001) Article 5.

  80. 80.

    Assembly (2001) Article 7.

  81. 81.

    Assembly (2001) Article 9.

  82. 82.

    Assembly (2001) Article 10.

  83. 83.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2014).

  84. 84.

    UNCCD (2008), p. 7.

  85. 85.

    Töpfer (2015), p. 2.

  86. 86.

    Wyatt (2008), p. 166.

  87. 87.

    Assembly (1992c).

  88. 88.

    Assembly (1992c).

  89. 89.

    Assembly (1994).

  90. 90.

    Boer and Hannam (2015), p. 7.

  91. 91.

    Assembly (1998).

  92. 92.

    Assembly (1998) Article 5.

  93. 93.

    Assembly (1998) Article 3.

  94. 94.

    Assembly (1994) Article 2.

  95. 95.

    Assembly (1994) Article 2(2).

  96. 96.

    Assembly (1994) Article 3.

  97. 97.

    Assembly (1989).

  98. 98.

    African Union (1998).

  99. 99.

    European Council (2003).

  100. 100.

    Commission of the European Communities (2006).

  101. 101.

    Council of Europe (2003).

  102. 102.

    European Union (2005).

  103. 103.

    Association of Southeast Asian Nations (1985).

  104. 104.

    Hurni and Meyer (2002), p. 67.

  105. 105.

    Schellnhuber (2001), p. 1.

  106. 106.

    FAO (2015), p. 1.

  107. 107.

    FAO (2015), p. 2.

  108. 108.

    Approved by The Council of the European Union, Decision 2006/516/EC, 27 June 2006 which stated thus in its decision: “One of the main goals of the Protocol on Soil Protection is the safeguarding of the multifunctional role of soil based on the concept of development. Sustainable productivity of soil must be ensured in its natural function, as an archive of natural and cultural history and in order to guarantee its use for agriculture and forestry, urbanism and tourism, other economic uses, transport and infrastructure, and as a source of raw materials.”

  109. 109.

    African Union (1968) Ar. 3.

  110. 110.

    African Union (1968) Ar. 3.

  111. 111.

    African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (2009).

  112. 112.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2014).

  113. 113.

    Kidaha (2016), p. vi.

  114. 114.

    Republic of Kenya (2010) Article 42.

  115. 115.

    Republic of Kenya (2010) Article 70.

  116. 116.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 1.

  117. 117.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), pp. 9–13.

  118. 118.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 30.

  119. 119.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 30.

  120. 120.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 30.

  121. 121.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 39.

  122. 122.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 40.

  123. 123.

    Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013), p. 40.

  124. 124.

    Government of Kenya (1999) s. 68.

  125. 125.

    Government of Kenya (1999) s. 9.

  126. 126.

    Government of Kenya (1999) s. 70.

  127. 127.

    Government of Kenya (1999) s. 98, 99.

  128. 128.

    Government of Kenya (1982).

  129. 129.

    Government of Kenya (1982) s. 3.

  130. 130.

    Government of Kenya (1982) s. 3(2).

  131. 131.

    Government of Kenya (1973).

  132. 132.

    Government of Kenya (1929).

  133. 133.

    Nyakang’o (2017), p. 1.

  134. 134.

    Nyakang’o (2017) para. 4.1.2.

  135. 135.

    Government of Kenya (1984), s. 4.

  136. 136.

    Pest Control Products Board (2016), p. 7.

  137. 137.

    Nyakang’o (2017) para 4.3.2.

  138. 138.

    Government of Kenya (2010) Fourth Schedule Part 2.

  139. 139.

    Government of Kenya (2010) Article 60 (1) (c).

  140. 140.

    Government of Kenya (2010) Article 60 (1) (e).

  141. 141.

    Government of Kenya (2012) s. 6.

  142. 142.

    Government of Kenya (2016), s. 20.

  143. 143.

    Government of Kenya (2009), p. 30.

  144. 144.

    Government of Kenya (2017).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Patricia Kameri-Mbote

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  1. Patricia Kameri-Mbote
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. German Environment Agency, Dessau, Germany

    Harald Ginzky

  2. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Elizabeth Dooley

  3. Specialist Group on “Soils, Desertification and Sustainable Agriculture”, IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law, Kleinmachnow, Germany

    Irene L. Heuser

  4. School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

    Emmanuel Kasimbazi

  5. School of Law, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Robert Kibugi

  6. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Till Markus

  7. Research Institute of Environmental Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Tianbao Qin

  8. Development and Rule of Law Programme [DROP], University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

    Oliver Ruppel

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Kameri-Mbote, P. (2021). Persistent Organic Pollutants and Soil Protection: National and Global Imperatives. In: Ginzky, H., et al. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2019. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy, vol 2019. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52317-6_3

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