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Blood to Molecules: The Fossil Record of Blood and Its Constituents

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The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 50))

Abstract

Contrary to prevalent assumptions, blood—the ultimate “soft tissue”—has a substantial fossil record. Although initial reports of blood remnants from the Holocene were deservedly controversial—and reports of blood cells and proteins in Cretaceous therapods remain controversial today—there is currently good evidence for original blood components in fossils more than 500 million years old. In this review, our knowledge of the fossil record of blood and its cellular and molecular constituents is documented and appraised. Cellular components have been described from both amber (e.g., erythrocytes and protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium and Leishmania) and mineralized bone tissue (erythrocytes and capillary vessels). Although small molecules such as hemoglobin-derived heme and hemocyanin-derived copper are documented in the fossil record, sequenceable polymeric molecules proteins and DNA have the greatest potential for informing us of ancient behavior and physiology—examples include the functionality of mammoth hemoglobin and the disease states of pharaohs.

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Acknowledgements

This review would not have been conceived let alone written without foresight and support of Kenneth De Baets and John Warren Huntley, editors of this volume. I would like to express my appreciation to those authors who provided their original photographs and artwork from previously published research. I also wish to thank Derek Briggs, whose careful review and constructive criticisms significantly improved the manuscript. Particular thanks go to the staff of the library of the National Museum of Natural History without whom this work would have been impossible, and to Conrad Labandeira for his sponsorship of the author’s Research Associate position in the Museum’s Paleobiology department.

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  1. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

    Dale Greenwalt

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  1. GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Kenneth De Baets

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    John Warren Huntley

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Greenwalt, D. (2021). Blood to Molecules: The Fossil Record of Blood and Its Constituents. In: De Baets, K., Huntley, J.W. (eds) The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism. Topics in Geobiology, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52233-9_12

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