Abstract
Tourism as a system has not remained constant over time but has undergone profound changes. They can be divided into sufficiently influential stages to qualify them as a “revolution”. Three revolutions can be identified for tourism: (1) the invention of tourism in Western Europe, (2) the shift towards mass tourism, understood as access to tourism for the vast majority of people in Western societies, (3) the third revolution at the end of the twentieth century characterised by the globalisation of tourism (Equipe MIT, Tourismes 3. La révolution durable. Belin, Paris, 2011). The chapter will examine the characteristics of this third touristic revolution: Access to tourism for non-Western societies which make up the bulk of those tourists involved in this emerging phenomenon, while at the same time the collapse of the Soviet bloc confirmed the preference for the capitalist tourism model and led to the disappearance of the Communist-era tourism model. The diversification of activities with an increasing demand for personalization in the West, and which is also gaining popularity on the fringes of emerging societies, partly driven by innovations in the techno-digital sector and the renewal of Fordist tourism among the middle classes in emerging societies. Tourism development for the whole world through processes of diversification, including the invention of new activities by emerging societies, and its intensification which does not prevent disparities from remaining.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Some authors include Russia in the list of emerging countries (in the acronym BRICS, the R stands for Russia) which we will deal with in the next point. This approach is questionable and represents probably an overgeneralization. This is because the USSR was at the time the second largest economy in the world in addition to having a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and its political collapse did not permanently and radically impinge on its economic power beyond the structural weaknesses which remain, such as its over-reliance on the energy and mining sectors. The transitional confusion suggested that Russia ought to be downgraded, but Putin’s rise to power and his voluntarist policy has shown that it is a force to be reckoned with in a multi-polar world.
- 2.
This is without including, as we have noted, those counting methods which in China accentuate the phenomenon.
- 3.
As reported by Miguel Segui Llinas (1998), the shift in the Balearic archipelago to mass tourism was accomplished by different economic actors using innovative strategies, for instance low cost hotels, increasing group size, lowering the qualifications, etc.
- 4.
See also Stock (2017) on global centralities of tourist places within a global tourism field.
- 5.
For instance, a researcher looking at the statistics published by the Chinese government will find the number of travelers staying in Beijing, but nothing relating to those who took an excursion to the Great Wall which is of course a very popular option.
- 6.
The beach is effectively an invention which has included this space in the territory of society since the seventeenth century, first in the Netherlands and then in North-Western Europe, but was up until that point regarded as disgusting. See the work of Corbin (1988), Löfgren (1999), Equipe MIT (2005) for a thorough investigation of the changing signification of the beach for tourism.
References
Antonescu, A. (2016). La dynamique du champ mondial des lieux touristiques. Constitution et analyse d’une base de données historique à partir d’un corpus de guides de voyages. PhD dissertation, Lausanne University.
Antonescu, A., & Stock, M. (2014). Reconstructing the globalisation of tourism: A geo-historical perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 45(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.12.001.
Bourdieu, P. (1979). La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
Boyer, M. (1996). L’Invention du tourisme. Paris: Gallimard.
Caire, G. (2015). Partir à tout prix. La résistance du désir de vacances des français. Partance, 1, 23–28.
Cazes, G. (1992). Tourisme et tiers-monde. Un bilan controversé. Les nouvelles colonies de vacances. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Clanet, C. (1990). L’interculturel. Introduction aux approches interculturelles en éducation et en sciences humaines. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail.
Coëffé, V., Guibert, C., & Taunay, B. (2014). L’aire du bronze: jalons pour une analyse de la circulation et de l’appropriation du hâle (de Hawaï à Hainan). L’Information géographique, 78(1), 73–91.
Corbin A. (1988). Le Territoire du vide : l’Occident et le désir du rivage, 1750–1840. Paris: Flammarion.
Crick, M. (1989). Representation of international tourism in the social sciences: sun, sex, sights, savings and servility. Annual Review of Anthropology, 18, 307–344.
Cuvelier, P. (1998). Anciennes et nouvelles formes de tourisme: une approche socio-économique. Tourismes et sociétés. Paris: L’Harmattan.
De Kadt, E. (1979). Tourism passport to Development? Perspectives on the social and cultural effects of tourism on developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dockès, P. (1990). Formation et transferts des paradigmes socio-techniques. Revue française d’économie, 5(4), 29–82.
Duhamel, P. (2018). Géographie du tourisme et des loisirs. Dynamiques, acteurs, territoires. Malakoff: Armand Colin.
Elias, N., & Dunning, E. (1994). Sport et civilisation: la violence maîtrisée. Paris: Fayard.
Équipe, M. I. T. (2002). Tourismes 1. Lieux communs. Paris: Belin.
Équipe, M. I. T. (2005). Tourismes 2. Moments de lieu. Paris: Belin.
Équipe, M. I. T. (2011). Tourismes 3. La révolution durable. Paris: Belin.
Gay, J.-C., & Decroly, J.-M. (2018). Les logiques de la diffusion du tourisme dans le Monde: une approche géohistorique. L’Espace géographique, 47(2), 102–120.
Guerraoui, Z. (2009). De l’acculturation à l’interculturation: réflexions épistémologiques. L’Autre, 10(2), 195–200.
Guerraoui, Z., & Troadec, B. (2000). Psychologie interculturelle. Paris: Armand Colin.
Guibert, C. (2016). Les déterminants dispositionnels du “touriste pluriel”. Expériences, socialisations et contextes. Sociologies (online), http://journals.openedition.org/sociologies/5688
Guibert, C., & Taunay, B. (2019). Usages sociaux et spatialités du bronzage en Chine. EspacesTemps.net [online] https://www.espacestemps.net/articles/usages-sociaux-et-spatialites-du-bronzage-en-chine/; https://doi.org/10.26151/espacestemps.net-9468-vg57
Khiati, A., & Gitton, F.-P. (2016). Moins d’un Français sur deux part au moins une semaine l’été. Le 4 pages de la DGE, 65. http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-12-4p65-non-depart.pdf
Knafou, R., & Stock, M. (2013). Tourisme. In J. Lévy & M. Lussault (Eds.), Dictionnaire de la géographie (pp. 1018–1020). Paris: Belin.
Lévy, J. (Ed.). (2008). L’invention du monde. Une géographie de la mondialisation. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Löfgren, O. (1999). On holiday. A history of vacationing. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lucas, L. (2014). Habiter touristique et agencement de l’espace urbain: le cas de Los Angeles. Recherche sur le concours des compétences des individus quant à leurs manières de faire avec les épreuves spatiales d’une métapole touristique, PhD, Lausanne University.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist. A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mathiesson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism, economic, physical and social impacts. London/New York: Longman.
Peyvel, E. (2015). Devenir touriste dans un pays socialiste: le cas du tourisme domestique au Việt Nam. In I. Sacareau, B. Taunay, & E. Peyvel (Eds.), La mondialisation du tourisme. Les nouvelles frontières d’une pratique (pp. 117–144). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Picard, M. (1992). Bali. Tourisme culturel et culture touristique. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Pickel-Chevalier, S., Violier, P., & Parantika, A. (2018). Le tourisme, agent d’interculturation sociospatial ? Le cas des pratiques touristiques littorales indonésiennes à Bali et à Java. L’Espace géographique, 47(2), 140–158. https://www.cairn.info/revue-espace-geographique-2018-2-page-140.htm.
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization. Social theory and global culture. London: Sage.
Segui Llinas, M. (1998). Les nouvelles Baléares. La rénovation d’un espace touristique mythique. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (2002). Critical issues in tourism. A geographical perspective. Oxford/Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Stock, M. (2008). Il mondo è mobile. In J. Lévy (Ed.), L’invention du monde: une géographie de la mondialisation (pp. 132–159). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. https://www.cairn.info/l-invention-du-monde--9782724610413-page-132.htm.
Stock, M. (2017). Le concept de centralité à l’épreuve du tourisme. Réflexions critiques, in: Bernard N. & Duhamel Ph. (éd.), Tourisme et périphéries. La centralité des lieux en question. Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Stock, M., Coëffé, V., & Violier, P. (2017). Les enjeux contemporains du tourisme. Une approche géographique. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Sun, Q. (2013). Les pratiques touristiques en voyage auto-organisé en Chine. Thèse de Géographie, Université d’Angers.
Taunay, B., & Violier, P. (2015). Un modèle chinois des pratiques touristiques? Analyse des spécificités et des invariants au niveau des pratiques et des lieux fréquentés par les touristes chinois et internationaux en Chine. In I. Sacareau, B. Taunay, & E. Peyvel (Eds.), La mondialisation du tourisme. Les nouvelles frontières d’une pratique (pp. 99–116). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Tissot, L. (2000). Naissance d’une industrie touristique. Les Anglais et la Suisse au XIXème siècle. Paris: Payot.
Turner, L., & Ash, J. (1975). The Golden Hordes. International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery. London: Constable.
UNWTO. (2018). Yearbook. Madrid: UNWTO.
Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze. London: Sage.
Vasquez, A. (1984). Les implications idéologiques du concept d’acculturation. Cahiers de sociologie économique et culturelle, 1, 83–121.
Violier, P. (2011). Les lieux du monde. EspacesTemps.net, Textuel, 22.08.2011.
Violier, P., & Taunay, B. (2020). The tourist places of the world. London: Wiley-ISTE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Violier, P. (2021). The Contemporary Expansion of Tourism as Third “Tourism Revolution”?. In: Stock, M. (eds) Progress in French Tourism Geographies. Geographies of Tourism and Global Change. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52136-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52136-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52135-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52136-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)