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The Diversity of Symbiotic Systems in Scale Insects

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Part of the Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation book series (RESULTS, volume 69)

Abstract

Most scale insects, like many other plant sap-sucking hemipterans, harbor obligate symbionts of bacterial or fungal origin, which synthesize and provide the host with substances missing in their restricted diet. Histological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses have revealed that scale insects differ in the type of symbionts, the localization of symbionts in the host body, and the mode of transmission of symbionts from one generation to the next. Symbiotic microorganisms may be distributed in the cells of the fat body, midgut epithelium, inside the cells of other symbionts, or the specialized cells of a mesodermal origin, termed bacteriocytes. In most scale insects, their symbiotic associates are inherited transovarially, wherein the mode of transmission may have a different course—the symbionts may invade larval ovaries containing undifferentiated germ cells or ovaries of adult females containing vitellogenic or choriogenic oocytes.

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Notes

Acknowledgments

We are greatly indebted to M.Sc. Ada Jankowska for her skilled technical assistance and Dr. Małgorzata Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk for the provision and identification of insects. This work was mostly supported by the Iuventus Plus V grant IP2015050374 from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and grant N18/DBS/000013 from Jagiellonian University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Faculty of BiologyInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland

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