Abstract
Global changes, extended crises and other national situations have caused a rapid change in the profiles of migration. In addition, these factors have marked a profound influence in the real and symbolic spaces in which these social mobilisations currently operate. From the early 1990s to the first decade of the twenty-first century, the Caribbean and Latin American migrant population has been settling in Madrid. Although the imprint of these groups has been uneven, we seek to explain some of the reasons for such inequality through the visual, economic and socio-cultural impact they have left in Madrid. For this reason, we are interested in beginning to map out some actions and projects of these groups in order to see how they interact with the public and symbolic spaces of the city. We will study some characteristics of migrant groups of Caribbean origin in the host society, considering their representativeness and presence through social, economic and artistic activities and cultural practices that—framed within the identity, national and/or regional practices confined to the Caribbean zone—have been developing in the Spanish capital. And how these cultures interact with each other within this territory.
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Notes
- 1.
As indicated by the Spanish Statistical Office: “The Municipal Register is the administrative record of the residents of the municipality. Your data constitutes proof of residence in the municipality and of the habitual address in it. Any person living in Spain is obliged to register in the Municipal Register in which they habitually reside.” It is important to note that in the Municipal Register of Spain any citizen can be registered, regardless of their legal status, that is, that contains the information of immigrants without legal permission of residence and work in the country, as long as they have registered in it. In spite of this, and for reasons such as those previously mentioned, it is difficult to have the exact data of the population of migrant origin both in the country and in its capital, but it is the most appropriate tool to know the approximate number of immigrants residing in the country, in determined municipality. For more information: https://www.ine.es/.
- 2.
More information on census and population in the city of Madrid can be found at: https://www.madrid.es.
- 3.
“At 9.00 pm on November 13, a quarter of a century ago, Civil Guard Luis Merino Perez, 25 years old, fired the shots that killed Lucrecia while Felipe Carlos Martín, Víctor Julián Flores and Javier Quílez, 16 years old, accompanied him. It was an immigrant hunt organized by far-right followers in the ruins of the Four Roses nightclub in Aravaca, where migrant homeless people took shelter. The assassins fired indiscriminately against the Dominicans who dined a soup by candlelight. They fled in a car waiting for them while two bullets mortally wounded thirty-three years old Lucrecia, one of them reaching her heart. Porfirio Elías, also a Dominican, was also seriously wounded.” Recovered from: http://www.publico.es/sociedad/lucrecia-perez-25-anos-del-primer-asesinato-racista-democracia-espanola.html.
- 4.
The same happens in the southern area of Legazpi, where we can find different Caribbean flavour.
- 5.
Excerpted from http://arepaole.com/.
- 6.
Leticia López Reinosa, email to the author, May 18, 2017.
- 7.
Quite similar has been the process with migrants of Latin American origins in the United States and their representations in the cultural scene, as it is studied in Tropicalizations. Transcultural Representations of Latinidad, edited by Frances R. Aparicio and Susana Chávez-Silverman (1997).
- 8.
Excerpted from http://tierracandela.com/artistas/guacamayo-tropical/.
- 9.
In the municipal elections of 2015, an coalition of leftist parties, Ahora Madrid, headed by Manuela Carmena, won the elections and, consequently, control of the local government, after more than 20 years of government led by the right wing party Partido Popular (PP). In the 2019 election, the right wing parties recovered the city and region governments.
- 10.
Excerpted from http://laparceria.com/salsodromo/.
- 11.
Julio Porras, in discussion with the author, March 2017.
- 12.
Migrantes Transgresorxs-Ayllu, “¿Quiénes somos?,” Migrantes Transgresorxs-Ayllu (blog), January 15, 2019. http://migrantestransgresorxs.blogspot.com/.
- 13.
Migrantes Transgresores-Ayllu, in discussion with the authors, February, 2018.
- 14.
More information can be found at: http://www.mataderomadrid.org/.
- 15.
More information can be found at: www.yosoyelotro.org.
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Olívar Graterol, D. (2020). The Caribbean Without a Sea: Approaches to Caribbean Immigration in Madrid. In: López, M., Vera-Rojas, M.T. (eds) New Perspectives on Hispanic Caribbean Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51498-3_10
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